A review of carbon dioxide sequestration by mineral carbonation of industrial byproduct gypsum

A sustainable foamed material preparation via ettringite-targeted mineral transition of industrial solid wastes

The presence of carbon dioxide in the Malay Basin has often raised queries regarding its origin and distribution. Accumulations in the Malay Basin have been shown to originate from both organic and inorganic sources (Figure 1). Organic sources comprise the decomposition of organic matter with increasing as well as the cracking of hydrocarbon products at high temperatures. Inorganic sources include the thermal breakdown of calcareous shales and limestones, as well as the diagenetic reactions in siliciclastic rocks whereby carbonate minerals such as siderite, dolomite and calcite in clastic sediments react with silicates at temperatures greater than 320°C to generate carbon dioxide. In addition, carbon dioxide contents in both associated and non-associated gases in the Malay Basin can vary up to a maximum of 90%. Our studies indicate that it is erroneous to generalise that carbon dioxide occurrences increase with increasing depth. Another important observation is that low carbon dioxide percentages (less than 20%) do not necessarily indicate an organic origin. However, in most cases where the carbon dioxide contents are greater than 40%, more often than not, they are of inorganic origin. Modeling of the Malay Basin’s hydrocarbon and inorganic carbon dioxide generation was performed using personalised kerogen kinetic parameters and carbonate decompositional kinetic parameters of actual Malay Basin’s samples. The former were determined for the Bergading Deep-1 Group E coals, Beranang 6F- 18.1 Group I fluviodeltaic coaly shales and Bunga Raya-1 Group K lacustrine shales (Figure 2). For the assessment of carbon dioxide generation from carbonates, the decompositional kinetic parameters were determined for the Bunga Raya-1 Group M calcareous shales and limestones. These new kinetics data provide a better control on the results of the carbon dioxide generation modeling as they are specific to the Malay Basin samples. Additionally, predictions of carbon dioxide generation were also determined from modeling the diagenetic reactions within the penetrated sediments using the method of Cathles & Schoell (PGCE 2006). Three locations were selected for the carbon dioxide kinetics modeling, namely Bujang Deep, Angsi and Bunga Raya. Using the newly-acquired kinetic parameters, we were able, for the first time, to determine the timing of inorganic carbon dioxide generation and expulsion as well as its most likely origin in these areas. To ascertain the trapping feasibility of the generated carbon dioxide, the resulting timings were compared with the thermal subsidence and basin inversion of the Malay Basin which occurred between 21 Ma to 6 Ma, with peak trap formation at around 16 Ma. Based on the carbonate decompositional kinetics modeling, the carbon dioxide observed in Bujang Deep should have a mixed origin due to expulsion from the following: both the Group M calcareous shales and limestones at 21 Ma and 20 Ma, respectively (Figure 3), and from the Group K siliciclastic reactions at 14 Ma. The origins were validated by actual measured data whereby the Bujang δ13CCO2 fall within -3 to -6o/oo isotope values, indicating an inorganic origin. There are also carbon dioxide samples with isotope values of - 11.4 and -12.2o/oo, suggesting a mixed origin. The Dulang, Semangkok and Tangga fields located within the middle part of the Malay Basin also exhibit high carbon dioxide occurrences (Figure 1). In the Angsi area, the kinetics modeling indicated that the carbon dioxide encountered by the well should have a strong inorganic influence due to the thermal breakdown of the Group M limestones (Figure 4). Modeling indicated the timing of expulsion to be around 14 Ma. Carbon dioxide contributions may also be expected from the Group M calcareous shale but, since it was generated much earlier than the trap formation at 24 Ma, it is presumably lost. With the bottom temperature of the section being only at 200°C, the diagenetic reactions have not yet started. Traditionally, the carbon dioxide contents of Angsi-1 of less than 20% would be thought of as suggestive of an organic origin. However, the δ13CCO2 values range of between of -5 and -7o/oo tell a different story; these carbon dioxide gases are actually of inorganic origin. Kinetic modeling results corroborate with this indication, thus validating the model. The Bunga Raya kinetics modeling results suggest an inorganic origin for the carbon dioxide observed in the Bunga Raya-1 well, by virtue of being sourced from the Group M limestone at 2 Ma (Figure 5). Again, diagenetic reactions did not contribute to the carbon dioxide accumulation in Bunga Raya.

CO2 mineral carbonation using industrial solid wastes: A review of recent developments

Characteristics of the large-scale circulation during episodes with high and low concentrations of carbon dioxide and air pollutants at an arctic monitoring site in winter

The increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is one of the main causes of global warming. Remote sensing technology has become an important means of monitoring the distribution of carbon dioxide gas. By remotely monitoring the temporal and spatial distributions of atmospheric carbon dioxide, people can further deepen their understanding of the global carbon process. The GOSAT (Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite) CO2 L4B concentration data from 2010 to 2015 were validated using local station atmospheric data. The spatial and temporal distributions of the carbon dioxide concentration and its variation characteristics were analyzed. Based on the total primary productivity data and human emissions of carbon dioxide data, the influencing factors of spatial variations in carbon dioxide were analyzed. The results show that: (1) The correlation coefficient between GOSATL4B data and ground-measured data is above 0.95, which indicates that the remotely acquired data have high precision and stability. (2) The spatial distribution characteristics of carbon dioxide at different atmospheric pressure heights are quite different. The variation in the long-term series mean of carbon dioxide concentration levels at 17 vertical heights was studied. The fluctuations in concentration changes at different height levels vary, and the closer to the surface, the greater the fluctuation is. The near-surface carbon dioxide concentration (975 hPa) has the largest fluctuation. When the atmospheric pressure is low (for example, 150 or 100 hPa), the high carbon dioxide concentration region is banded and concentrated near the equator. The trends in carbon dioxide concentration over land and sea surfaces are similar, and the common pattern is that the concentration of carbon dioxide has been increasing. (3) The near-surface carbon dioxide concentration (975 hPa) has clearly different spatial characteristics. There are four high-value centers across the globe: East Asia, western Europe, the US East Coast, and Central Africa. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere near the ground is higher than that in the Southern Hemisphere. The fluctuation in the Southern Hemisphere is relatively small, and the trend is opposite that in the Northern Hemisphere. (4) The concentration of carbon dioxide showed a significant growth trend during the study period. By studying the change characteristics of the monthly global average at the 975 hPa level (approximately 300 m above sea level) from January 2010 to October 2015, it can be seen that the global CO2 concentration has been above 400 ppm for most of the year, and it is increasing each year. (5) Compared with the Southern Hemisphere, the cyclical changes in carbon dioxide concentration in the Northern Hemisphere are obvious and large, while the trend in the Southern Hemisphere is relatively stable, and the change is small. There are opposite trends in the cyclical changes in the carbon dioxide concentration in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. When the carbon concentration in the Northern Hemisphere resides over the annual high-value area, the Southern Hemisphere has a low-value area of carbon dioxide concentration every year. In addition, the change in carbon dioxide concentration during the year is obvious with seasonal changes. This should be related to changes in vegetation phenology and different seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. (6) Four countries in East Asia (Korea, Mongolia, Japan and China) from 2010 to 2014 were selected to analyze the relationship between GPP (gross primary production) and near-surface carbon dioxide concentration. These two factors have a significant inverse correlation. When carbon dioxide is at a minimum, the GPP is at its peak, and when carbon dioxide reaches its peak, the GPP reaches a minimum. The above relationship fully indicates that terrestrial ecosystems play an important role as carbon sink contributors in the carbon cycle. (7) The relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide data from human activities from the Global Atmospheric Research Emissions Database was analyzed. The former is significantly and positively correlated with carbon dioxide emissions caused by human activities, indicating that human activities are an important factor in the increase in carbon dioxide.

In Victoria, brown coal combustion is the single largest source for energy, meeting greater than 85% of the electricity needs. However this produces approximately 1.3 million tonnes of fly ash annually, which is predominantly dumped into ash ponds. The brown coal fly ash is rich in alkali and alkaline earth metals and transition metals with little aluminium and silicon. Industrial wastes such as fly ash are being considered for CO₂ mineralisation as part of the strategy for carbon dioxide capture, storage and utilisation (CCSU). This process also converts the valueless wastes, into value-added products such as magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate to replace dolomite in industrial applications. A cost-effective carbon capture process is fundamental for the sustainability of brown coal in the carbon-constrained future. With the continuous increase in the amount of fly ash generated, there is an increasing demand in the use of vast land for landfill, which simultaneously contaminates soil, ground and water. To date, the majority of studies on fly ash utilisation have focused on direct route (single stage leaching and carbonation in the same reactor) under high CO₂ partial pressure with a long reaction time. However, there are a limited number of studies on utilisation of brown coal fly ash through the indirect mineral carbonation route, i.e. using separate leaching and carbonation steps. The scope of this thesis includes, firstly establishing a closed-loop multi-step leaching-carbonation process using regenerative ammonium chloride as the leaching reagent. This process allows efficient extraction of magnesium and calcium from Victorian brown coal fly ash under relatively mild operating condition (

Using industrial solid waste to capture CO2 by mineral carbonation is considered one of the promising technologies to prevent waste disposal while combating global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Especially, the carbonation reaction is spontaneous and the carbonated products are relatively stable; thus, mineral carbonation is an effective means of stabilizing CO2 and valorizing industrial solid waste. Previous estimations report that a 4.02 Gt per year mitigation potential can be facilitated through CO2 mineralization of industrial solid waste. However, existing estimates do not take into account the impacts of unfavorable impurities, which have broad uncertainty and variability due to different industrial processes and ore sources. The existence of certain impurities might influence the rate of the carbonation reaction and therefore, the amount of CO2 captured and carbonates formed. For instance, some elements (e.g., Pb, Cd, and Mn in mine tailings) can enhance the CO2 capture capacity due to the precipitation of heavy metal carbonates. While some organics (e.g., organic matter in sludge) and anions (e.g., phosphates in phosphogypsum) can influence the carbonation reactions negatively. Especially, the questionable releasing behavior of these potentially toxic elements can bring about new environmental issues when the deposited body reaches groundwater or aquifer resources. Therefore, in this work, we have attempted to clarify the roles of impurities in the mineralization process and the afterward usage period, including the accelerating or retarding effects of impurities in carbonation and the leaching behavior of potentially toxic elements. Industrial solid wastes from different sectors, such as typical mine tailings (e.g., copper mine tailings and nickel mine tailings), industrial by-products (e.g., phosphogypsum, fly ash, red mud, and coal gasification slag), and construction and demolition waste, are used for accelerated and atmospheric carbonation at ambient temperatures. Our study reveals that although mineralization and in-stu storage could turn industrial solid wastes into a global carbon mitigation sink, unfavorable impurities may curb abatement potential.

Immobilization of lead (Pb) using ladle furnace slag and carbon dioxide

Diffusivity is a strong function of concentration and an important transport property. Diffusion of multiple species is far more frequent than the diffusion of one species. However, there are limited experimental data available on multi-component diffusivity. The objective of this study is to develop an optimal control framework to determine multi-component concentration-dependent diffusivities of two gases in a non-volatile phase such as polymer. In Part 1 of this study, we derived a detailed mass-transfer model of the experimental diffusion process for the non-volatile phase to provide the temporal masses of gases in the polymer. The determination of diffusivities is an inverse problem involving principles of optimal control. Necessary conditions are determined to solve this problem. In Part 2 of this study, we utilized the results of Part 1 to determine the concentration-dependent, multi-component diffusivities of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in polystyrene. To that end, solubility and diffusion experiments are conducted to obtain necessary data. In the ternary system of nitrogen (1), carbon dioxide (2), and polystyrene (3), the diffusivities and D11, D12, D21, and D22 versus the gas mass fractions are two-dimensional surfaces. The diffusivity of carbon dioxide was found to be greater than that of nitrogen. The value of the main diffusion coefficient D11 was found to increase as the concentration of carbon dioxide increased. The highest value of D11 obtained was 2.2 X 10^-8m^2s^-1 for nitrogen mass fraction of 3.14 X10^-4 and for a carbon dioxide mass fraction of 5.67 X 10^-4 . The cross-diffusion coefficient increased as the concentrations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide increased. The diffusivity reached its maximum value when the concentrations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide were at their maximum values. The diffusivity was of the order of 10^-9m^2s^-1. The diffusivity of the cross-diffusion coefficient D21 was found to be increased for the mass The diffusivity of the cross-diffusion coefficient was found to be increased for the mass fractions of carbon dioxide ranging from 0 to 1.70 X 10^-3 . The diffusivity was found to be of the order of . The diffusion coefficient, D22, was found to increase with the concentrations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, D22 remained high with low concentrations of carbon dioxide. The diffusivity was found to be of the order of 10^-7m^2s^-1

Diffusivity is a strong function of concentration and an important transport property. Diffusion of multiple species is far more frequent than the diffusion of one species. However, there are limited experimental data available on multi-component diffusivity. The objective of this study is to develop an optimal control framework to determine multi-component concentration-dependent diffusivities of two gases in a non-volatile phase such as polymer. In Part 1 of this study, we derived a detailed mass-transfer model of the experimental diffusion process for the non-volatile phase to provide the temporal masses of gases in the polymer. The determination of diffusivities is an inverse problem involving principles of optimal control. Necessary conditions are determined to solve this problem. In Part 2 of this study, we utilized the results of Part 1 to determine the concentration-dependent, multi-component diffusivities of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in polystyrene. To that end, solubility and diffusion experiments are conducted to obtain necessary data. In the ternary system of nitrogen (1), carbon dioxide (2), and polystyrene (3), the diffusivities and D11, D12, D21, and D22 versus the gas mass fractions are two-dimensional surfaces. The diffusivity of carbon dioxide was found to be greater than that of nitrogen. The value of the main diffusion coefficient D11 was found to increase as the concentration of carbon dioxide increased. The highest value of D11 obtained was 2.2 X 10^-8m^2s^-1 for nitrogen mass fraction of 3.14 X10^-4 and for a carbon dioxide mass fraction of 5.67 X 10^-4 . The cross-diffusion coefficient increased as the concentrations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide increased. The diffusivity reached its maximum value when the concentrations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide were at their maximum values. The diffusivity was of the order of 10^-9m^2s^-1. The diffusivity of the cross-diffusion coefficient D21 was found to be increased for the mass The diffusivity of the cross-diffusion coefficient was found to be increased for the mass fractions of carbon dioxide ranging from 0 to 1.70 X 10^-3 . The diffusivity was found to be of the order of . The diffusion coefficient, D22, was found to increase with the concentrations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, D22 remained high with low concentrations of carbon dioxide. The diffusivity was found to be of the order of 10^-7m^2s^-1

There is now a dire demand for negative emissions technologies (which sequester CO2 from the atmosphere) that can be rapidly deployed, are scalable, and are demonstrably safe and effective. Enhanced weathering of silicate minerals has demonstrated a significant potential for CO2 capture and sequestration by the formation of pedogenic carbonates in soils, subsoils, and sediments. This technique has also been shown to deliver fruitful results in terms of improving soil health, and in turn plant health, through remineralization. The silicate minerals that possess the highest weathering rates (e.g., wollastonite), are relatively rare in nature, whereas the abundant ones (e.g., anorthite and forsterite) have a slower pace of weathering, especially in colder and drier climates such as found in the extensive agricultural lands of Western Canada and the Western United States. Herein, we offer a perspective on the opportunities for computational studies targeting atomic-scale interaction of CO2 with silicates and synthesis of fast-weathering silicates (such as larnite and bredigite), whose composition can be tuned to also support soil fertilization and remineralization, and whose production must be integrated with green and carbon-neutral technologies to ensure net-negative life cycle emissions.

Lactic acid, carbon dioxide and human sweat stimuli were presented singly and in combination to femaleAedes aegypti(Linnaeus) within a wind-tunnel system. The take-off, flight, landing and probing responses of the mosquitoes were recorded using direct observation and video techniques. The analyses determined the nature of the response to different stimuli and the concentration ranges within which specific behaviours occurred. A threshold carbon dioxide concentration for taking-off of approximately 0.03% above ambient was detected. Lactic acid and human sweat samples did not elicit take-off when presented alone, however, when they were combined with elevated carbon dioxide, take-off rate was enhanced in most of the combinations tested. Flight activity was positively correlated with carbon dioxide level and some evidence for synergism with lactic acid was found within a narrow window of blend concentrations. The factors eliciting landing were more subtle. There was a positive correlation between landing rate and carbon dioxide concentration. At the lowest carbon dioxide concentration tested, landing occurred only in the presence of lactic acid. Within a window of low to intermediate concentrations, landing rate was enhanced by this combination. At the highest carbon dioxide concentration, landing was however inhibited by the presence of lactic acid. The sweat extract elicited landings in the absence of elevated carbon dioxide. This indicated the presence of chemical stimuli, other than lactic acid, active in the short range. Probing occurred only at low carbon dioxide concentrations and there was no probing when lactic acid alone was tested. There was however probing in the presence of combined stimuli, the level of response seemed to be positively correlated with the ratio of carbon dioxide and lactic acid concentrations.

ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION OF EXCISED LEAVES AT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE

Maintaining public health requires a clean environment; however, some industrial wastes can damage the water, atmosphere, and living environment seriously. To promote green development, policy makers in China have developed and implemented strict environmental regulations to limit the pollutant emissions and improve the environmental quality. Industrial producers implement research and development (R&D) activities to gain more profits in competitive markets. A comprehensive understanding of the green effects of R&D on different industrial wastes could provide important policy recommendations, especially regarding the coordination of innovative and green developments. In this study, the author empirically analyzed the influence of R&D input, including the intramural expenditure on R&D and full-time equivalent of R&D personnel, on industrial wastes, including the discharge of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen, emission of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, and generation of common industrial solid and hazardous wastes, based on the data from Chinese industrial sectors for 2016–2020. The main findings of empirical analyses were robust and indicated that R&D activities significantly reduced the emissions of all three industrial waste gases and decreased the discharge of COD; however, in the case of China, the partial effects on the discharge of ammonia nitrogen and the industrial solid wastes were not statistically significant. The green effects of R&D on different industrial wastes may vary and generally depend on environmental regulations, with various limitations. The most viable policy recommendations indicate that by expanding and initiating the green effect of R&D on different industrial wastes, innovative and green developments are more likely to be achieved in a coordinated manner. Additionally, this can also support special R&D activities, with the added benefit of actively developing cleaner technology to treat pollutant emissions. Development, while maintaining a clean environment to ensure public health, could be more sustainable if innovative activities reduce the production of industrial wastes. This study analyzes the green effects of R&D on industrial waste and can serve as a viable framework for future studies on sustainable development.

Industrial byproduct gypsum (BPG) is a secondary product that is mainly composed of calcium sulfate discharged during industrial production. BPG primarily consists of desulfurized gypsum, phosphogypsum, and titanium gypsum, which account for 88% of the total BPG in China. The large-scale utilization of these three types of solid waste is crucial for the safe disposal of BPG. BPG contains various impurities and harmful elements, limiting its applications. The continuous accumulation of BPG poses a serious threat to the safety of the environment. Based on a literature review (2021-2023), it was found that 52% of BPG is used in the preparation of cementitious materials, and the addition of BPG results in an average improvement of 7-30% in the mechanical properties of cementitious materials. Moreover, BPG has a positive impact on the immobilization of hazardous elements in raw materials. Therefore, the utilization of BPG in cementitious materials is beneficial for its large-scale disposal. This study primarily reviews the effects and mechanisms of BPG on the mechanical properties of cementitious materials and the solidification of hazardous elements. Most importantly, the review reveals that BPG positively influences the hydration activity of silica-alumina-based solid waste (such as steel slag and blast furnace slag) and alkaline solid waste (such as carbide slag and red mud). This improves the proportion of solid waste in cement and reduces production costs and carbon emissions. Finally, this article summarizes and proposes the application of BPG in cementitious materials. The application of BPG + silica-alumina solid waste + alkaline solid-waste-based cementitious materials is expected to realize a new type of green ecological chain for the joint utilization of multiple industrial solid wastes and to promote the low-carbon sustainable development of industrial clusters.