Abstract
Owing to the outstanding conductivity and biocompatibility as well as numerous other fascinating properties of graphene, graphene-based nanohybrids have shown unparalleled superiorities in the field of electrochemical biosensors. We provide a general overview of recent advances and state-of-the-art works related to all types of nanomaterial, including noble metals, transition metals, organic and inorganic dyes, polymers, biomolecules, ionic liquids (ILs), and boronic acid derivatives, applied to functionalize graphene to construct electrochemical biosensors. We are highlighting here types of functionalization, assembly procedures, roles of nanomaterial, and assay strategies. Finally, some future perspectives and possible research directions are also discussed.
Highlights
With recent progress in both computer and sensor technologies, the manufacturing facilities based on craftsmanship that once relied on human eyes and intuition have been replaced by advanced automatic process controlling technologies of today
The sensor instantaneously detects both the various dimensions and physical quantities of products as an eye or tactile sense of the manufacturing apparatus, and the data detected by sensors are converted into electronic signals, which are provided to the process computer
In a single stand rolling mill, two gauge sensors are installed at both sides of the rolling mill, and the thickness data detected by gauge meters are provided to the automatic gauge control (AGC) system and simultaneously displayed on the monitor for operation
Summary
With recent progress in both computer and sensor technologies, the manufacturing facilities based on craftsmanship that once relied on human eyes and intuition have been replaced by advanced automatic process controlling technologies of today. The sensor instantaneously detects both the various dimensions and physical quantities of products as an eye or tactile sense of the manufacturing apparatus, and the data detected by sensors are converted into electronic signals, which are provided to the process computer. Various physical quantities, such as electrical, magnetic, optical, thermal, and mechanical ones that are peculiar to metals, have been utilized for sensor tips.(1) In contrast to the above use of sensors, the sensor technology is applied to various devices that generate perceptive and haptic signals. In a single stand rolling mill, two gauge sensors are installed at both sides of the rolling mill, and the thickness data detected by gauge meters are provided to the AGC system and simultaneously displayed on the monitor for operation
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