Abstract
A Review: Nanomaterials Applied in Graphene-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
Highlights
Graphene, a two-dimensional form of carbon atoms with a hexagonal lattice structure,(1) is the thinnest material with a thickness of 0.35 nm to date among all the known materials.[2]
The modified nanomaterials applicable to electrochemical biosensors mainly include noble metals, transition metals, organic and inorganic dyes, polymers, biomolecules, ionic liquids (ILs), and boronic acid derivatives, which will be discussed in detail as follows
The reduced graphene oxide (RGO) process generally includes three steps, namely, chemical oxidiation of graphite by a strong oxidant, exfoliation, and reduction.[41]. The graphene synthesized by the RGO process exhibits smaller sizes, more structural defects, and more functional groups than those synthesized by the other methods.[3,43] Thereinto, the edge-effect sites could realize fast electron-transfer kinetics;(32) the emerging chemical moieties, either hydrophilic or hydrophobic, would effectively prevent the aggregation of graphene sheets by strong polar-polar interactions or by their bulky size[43] and facilitate various functionalizations to enhance the biosensor performance.[44]. In contrast, expitaxial growth by chemical vapor deposition on trasition metals and unzipping of carbon nanotubes may produce graphene with metallic impurities;(45) the remaining methods may decrease the catalytic reactivity of graphene owing to its large size
Summary
Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China (Received August 8, 2014; accepted November 11, 2014). Owing to the outstanding conductivity and biocompatibility as well as numerous other fascinating properties of graphene, graphene-based nanohybrids have shown unparalleled superiorities in the field of electrochemical biosensors. We provide a general overview of recent advances and state-of-the-art works related to all types of nanomaterial, including noble metals, transition metals, organic and inorganic dyes, polymers, biomolecules, ionic liquids (ILs), and boronic acid derivatives, applied to functionalize graphene to construct electrochemical biosensors. We are highlighting here types of functionalization, assembly procedures, roles of nanomaterial, and assay strategies. Some future perspectives and possible research directions are discussed
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