A regional measurement of China’s processing trade from the perspective of vertical specialization: 2012–2017

To verify the importance of optimizing a business environment and improving the level of human capital structure to promote economic development, this study employs a panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from the period 2008–2019 and utilizes the spatial Durbin model and quantile regression model to analyze the relation between a business environment, human capital structure upgrading, and economic development quality. We find that the quality of economic development has a strong spatial correlation and the improvement in the business environment promotes human capital structural upgrading and economic development quality. Human capital structural upgrading plays a significant intermediary role, through which improvement in the business environment affects economic development quality. Considering the huge differences in the level of economic development in different regions of China, we also conduct a regional heterogeneity analysis. We find that the promotion effects of the business environment and advanced human capital structure on economic development quality are significant within the sample period, and their promotion effects are significantly heterogeneous and asymmetric across quartiles, indicating that there is heterogeneity in the intensity of dependence of economic development quality on advanced human capital structure and business environment at different stages of economic development. Moreover, by observing the impact trends in the eastern, central, and western regions, we find that the impact of the business environment and human capital structure on the quality of economic development varies somewhat across provinces. This suggests that the eastern and central regions need to strengthen the optimization of the business environment, while the eastern and western regions should pay more attention to the improvement of the level of the advanced human capital structure.

To analyze the intakes of main food among the children of 6-17 years in different regions of China from 2019 to 2021, and to provide a scientific basis for evaluation and guiding Chinese children to make reasonable diet. Multistage stratified random sampling method was used to collect data in east China, north China, central China, south China, southwest, northwest and northeast seven areas of each random two provinces, randomly selected from each province one urban survey site and one rural survey site, 28 sites of the 13th Five Year National Science and Technology Basic Resources Survey Project-Chinese children aged 0-18 investigation and application of nutrition and health system in 14 provinces of China. The study included 6413 children aged 6 to 17. Three consecutive 24-hour recalls method combined with weighing were used to collect the information of food intake. According to the food classification in the standard version of the food composition list, the food was divided into cereals, tubers, fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, meat and poultry, fish and shrimp, eggs, milk, etc. , and the intake of various foods was calculated for boys and girls aged 6-8, 9-11, 12-14 and 15-17 in different regions. Compared with the average daily food intake of children of the same sex and age in the urban and rural, The average daily intake of cereals and tubers for boys aged 9-17, cereals for girls aged 9-17, tubers for girls aged 12-17, and fish and shrimp for boys of edible population aged 15-17 were higher in rural areas than in urban areas. There were differences in the average daily food intake and consumption rate of fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, meat and poultry, eggs and milk of the same sex and age, which were higher in urban than in rural areas(P<0.05). Compared with the average daily food intake of children of the same sex and age in the south and the north, the average daily intake of cereals and eggs for boys aged 9-14, cereals for girls aged 6-8, and fresh fruits for boys and girls of edible population aged 6-17 were higher in the north than in the south. There were differences in average daily intake and consumption rates of tubers, fresh vegetables, meat and poultry, milk and fish and shrimp of the same sex and age, which were higher in the south than in the north(P<0.05). Compared with the average daily food intake of children of the same sex and age in the eastern, central and western regions, the average daily intake of cereals for boys aged 6-14, cereals for girls aged 6-17, fresh fruits for boys and girls of edible population aged 6-17, and fish and shrimp for boys and girls of edible population aged 15-17 were lower in the eastern region than in the central and western regions. The average daily intake of tubers for boys aged 9-11 and 15-17, for girls aged 9-17 were higher in the western regions than the eastern and central regions. The average daily intake of eggs for boys and girls aged 12-17 was lower in western regions than the eastern and central regions. There were differences in average daily intake and consumption rates of fresh vegetables, meat and poultry and milk of the same sex and age, which were higher in the eastern region than in the central and western regions. (P<0.05). The proportion of coarse grains to cereals was low, between 3.7% and 10.1%. The proportion of pork to meat and poultry was high, between 56.1% and 71.4%. In China, there are differences in daily intake of main food for children aged 6 to 17 years old in urban and rural areas, north and south areas, east, central and west areas.

The commercial residential industry has high added value and comprehensive economic benefit so the commercial residential industry is naturally a hot-spot issue. The core issue of the commercial housing is the price. This thesis conducts the descriptive statistic analysis of residential real estate prices, urban resident income and other relevant data in China’s 30 provinces (excluding Tibet) from 1998 to 2006. The change trend and the difference feature of both the residential real estate price and the urban resident income in those regions are revealed, which is expected to make a contribution to the macro-control in China’s real estate. In recent years, the real estate market in China is growing rapidly. On the one hand, it plays a vital role in both promoting the national economic growth and improving the living standards of urban residents. On the other hand, some problems in the development of China’s current real estate market have been fully exposed, such as the overheated investment, the unbalance in supply and demand, insufficient financing channels, soaring property prices and so on. In particular, the rapid growth in the housing price has brought challenges to the sound development in both China’s real estate market and the whole national economy and it has also become a hot-spot and difficult issue in the current academia. Such relevant research as whether the rapid growth of China’s housing prices has become disjointed with resident income seriously or not and what the rules of the changes in income and housing prices in China’s different regions are is realistically significant for guiding the micro-control in China’s real estate. I. Index Selection and Disposal of Comparability The samples selected in this thesis are composed of the fluctuating residential real estate prices in China’s 30 provinces (excluding Tibet) from 1998 to 2006, urban resident income and other relevant panel data that are from various years of China Statistical Yearbook. The data of the real estate prices adopts the real estate prices in urban areas. The income indexes adopt the annual per capita disposable income of urban residents. In order to remove the impacts of the price and make indexes of various types had comparability in time series, the disposal of comparability has been conducted in indexes of different types in the thesis and their present value has been turned into the value of the constant price, namely, on the basis of the constant price in 1998, the concrete calculation method is that the housing price is deflated by the housing sales price index and the disposable income is deflated by the consumer price index of urban residents. II. Analysis of Commercial Housing Price Variance among Provinces According to the average housing prices and their growth rates in provinces from 1998 to 2006, thirty provinces, cities and autonomous regions across the country can be divided into three types in accordance with the mean and the growth rate of their average housing prices. It’s found that the provinces, cities and autonomous regions of the three types also have common in geographic areas so they can be divided into such three regions as the eastern region, the central region and the western region on the basis of their geographic areas. For the regional division of the average housing price in China, Figure 1 compares the changes in the average housing prices in the central, western and eastern regions from 1998 to 2006. It’s found that the average housing price in the east is prominently higher than those in the western and International Conference on Education Technology, Management and Humanities Science (ETMHS 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 1100 central regions and the trend of its average housing prices is on the rise. In particular, the rising trend of the average housing prices is obvious after 2004. The changes in the average housing prices in eastern and western regions are comparatively similar. However, the average prices in the central region are rising slowly while for the western region, a small decline also appears in its slightly rising process. Besides, the average housing prices in the eastern region surpass those in the western region after 2004. III. Analysis of the Differences in the Income Change among Regions Figure 1: Changes in the housing prices in the central, eastern and western regions Figure 2: Changes in the income in the central, eastern and western regions For the regional division of the average housing price in China, Figure 2 compares the changes in the income in the central, western and eastern regions from 1998 to 2006. It’s found that the per capita income in the east is prominently higher than those in the western and central regions and its trend is uniformly on the rise.

Objective: To analyze the change in human resources within China's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 2010 to 2020. Methods: The self-reported information from provincial, prefectural (city), and county (district) levels of China's CDC, covering employee counts, staff composition, professional qualifications, educational backgrounds, technical titles, and tenure, were extracted from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The demographic context was provided by the annual population figures from the China Statistical Yearbook (2010-2020). The profile of CDC personnel was described, and the average annual percentage rate change (AAPC), average annual percentage rate change (APC), human resource agglomeration degree (HRAD) and the difference between HRAD and population agglomeration degree (PAD) were calculated. The Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the time trend. Results: The decade under review witnessed a net increase of 17 300 active and 18 300 enrolled personnel in the CDC, surpassing the national population growth rate with AAPCs of 0.93% and 1.03%, respectively. This upward trajectory was statistically significant (P<0.05). The ratio of disease control personnel per 10 000 population escalated from 1.14 to 1.21. An initial decline in active CDC workforce density (from 1.31 to 1.27 per 10 000 population between 2010 and 2017) was followed by an increase (from 1.28 to 1.37 between 2018 and 2020), with APCs of -0.40% and 3.73%, respectively. The proportion of professional and technical staff in 2019 was highest in the eastern region (86.01%), followed by the western (83.75%) and central regions (79.54%). The period also saw an enhancement in the average academic degree (from 1.91 to 2.43 points) and professional title scores (from 1.39 to 1.53 points) of CDC personnel. While the average tenure in the eastern and western regions showed a slight decline, the central region experienced an increase, with HRAD values indicating a higher concentration in the eastern and central regions compared to the western region. The HRAD-PAD discrepancy revealed a negative value in the eastern region, nearing zero in the central and western regions. Conclusion: Between 2010 and 2020, China's CDC experienced notable growth in human resources and underwent structural optimization, albeit with significant regional disparities in concentration.

This research investigates the disparities and convergence in higher education fiscal expenditures across different regions in China. The study utilises Gini coefficient analysis and σ-convergence/β-convergence tests to quantify the extent of disparities and explore convergence trends over a twelve-year investigation period (2007–2018). The results shed light on the imbalances in resource allocation and provide valuable insights into the efforts required to achieve a more equitable distribution of fiscal resources for higher education. The findings reveal significant disparities in higher education fiscal expenditures between the Eastern, Central, Western, and Northeastern regions, with the Eastern region exhibiting the largest gap compared to others. Remarkably, the disparity between the Eastern and Central regions is even greater than that between the Eastern and Western regions, emphasising the need for targeted interventions to address regional imbalances. Over the study period, the gap between the Eastern and Central regions remained consistently higher than other regional disparities. Moreover, the research shows a general trend towards narrowing regional fiscal expenditure disparities, with the most pronounced convergence observed between the Central and Northeastern regions. The Western region exhibits slightly larger disparities than the Central and Northeastern regions, possibly attributed to greater fiscal policy support and lower student enrollments. Nevertheless, the fiscal expenditure gap between the Western and Central regions has shown a trend towards reduction. The study also explores absolute and conditional β-convergence, revealing notable convergence patterns in the Eastern and Central regions. However, the Western and Northeastern regions exhibit varying degrees of convergence, indicating the necessity for region-specific convergence mechanisms. To achieve a balanced allocation of financial resources for higher education across regions, the study recommends targeted fiscal policies, additional funding, and improved transparency and accountability. Policymakers should focus on enhancing convergence mechanisms to ensure a more equitable distribution of resources and foster the sustainable development of higher education throughout the country. While this research provides valuable insights, it is essential to consider other potential factors influencing fiscal expenditure disparities, such as policy orientation, economic disparities, and demographic structures, for a more comprehensive understanding. Future research may benefit from qualitative investigations to further explore the complexities of higher education fiscal expenditure imbalances and identify effective policy interventions.

5 - Vertical specialization and accelerating poverty reduction: Comparing impacts of conventional trade and processing trade patterns on income in China

Which Factors Affect Farmers’ Willingness for rural community remediation? A tale of three rural villages in China

This research measures the green economic efficiency (GEE) of 30 regions in China from 2009 to 2021 and verifies the financial agglomeration and environmental regulation impacts on GEE with the Tobit model. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The average GEE value in China is 0.596—which is still at a low level—and is highest in the eastern region and lowest in the western region. (2) Financial agglomeration can promote GEE in the whole country, in both the eastern and western regions; however, the western region effect is very low. In the central region, due to the “siphon effect” produced by the eastern region, the financial resources concentrated in the east thus suppress GEE. Environmental regulation inhibits GEE nationally and in the western region while showing a promotion effect in the eastern and central regions, but it is not significant in the central region. (3) Industrial structures inhibit GEE nationally and in the central and western regions, while industrial structures promote GEE in the eastern region; the GDP (gross domestic product) per capita also inhibits GEE nationally and in the central and western regions and promotes GEE in the eastern region. Government intervention inhibits green economic development in all regions, and urbanization inhibits GEE nationally and in the central and western regions while promoting GEE in the eastern region.

Based on a comprehensive review of previous studies about the threshold effects of financial development on the process of foreign direct investment (FDI) spillovers, the present work roundly measures the financial development from the aspects of scale, structure, and efficiency and applies a multiple threshold regression model to estimate the threshold effects of financial development on FDI spillovers, and then examines the inherent relationship between FDI spillovers effects and the financial development from the three aspects, respectively, in different regions of China, based on regional panel data from 2000 to 2014. The results revealed that there are two thresholds of financial development scale, structure and efficiency, existing in the FDI spillover processes in different regions. The FDI spillovers effects are greatest in the eastern region and are generally smallest in the western region. There is a negative correlation between FDI spillovers effects and the financial development scale or efficiency in eastern and central region. Moreover, there is positive correlation between FDI spillovers effects and the financial development structure in eastern and central region. Additionally, there is a positive correlation between FDI spillovers effects and the financial development scale, structure, or efficiency in western region. The capital, labor, and regional technology progress have positive effects on economic growth in different regions and the effects of financial development on economic growth are not unanimous in each region. Based on the empirical results, some policies on how to develop regional finances and how to introduce FDI to promote economic growth are recommended.

In recent years, the proportion of added value of China's cultural industry to GDP has been increasing year by year. However, due to different levels of economic development and cultural resources, there are significant differences in the development of cultural industries in different regions. This study considers a sustainable positive externality by setting the patent as a new output and employs the non‐radial directional distance function in the framework of meta‐frontier to investigate the innovative performance of China's cultural industry because of regional disparities. Our main findings are that there is a major technological gap among the eastern region, the central region and the western region, in which the technical and management capabilities of the eastern region are far greater than those of the central and western regions; Cultural industries have greater room for improvement in the eastern, central and western regions, especially the western region; The efficiency level of the cultural industry is likely to be related to the local economic strength. This article explores the factors that constrain the competitiveness of cultural industries in different regions of China. Then based on its influencing factors, corresponding development measures are proposed.

Study of the nonlinear relations between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in the Eastern, Central and Western regions of China

Based on the social physics theory, this paper analyzes the economic disparities between different regions in China, and contributes a conceptual model of population migration among eastern, central, western and north-eastern regions. The national 1% population sample investigation data is adopted to build a network of inter-provincial population migration, and the population migration network is analyzed with social network analysis. The results are shown that there is a very strong correlation between migrant population and economy disparity in China, and the migration with obviously geographical characteristics. The eastern region is the main areas for migration-inflow; the central region is the main areas of migration-outflow; the western region is relatively “locked-up”, with a little of population flow; and the migration of the northeast is mainly within its own regional territory.

During the “14th Five-Year Plan” period, a question worth exploring in depth would be how China promotes green development through green finance to realize the goal of financially supporting the construction of ecological civilization. This paper builds a super-efficiency SBM window model to evaluate the comparable eco-efficiency of 30 provincial administrative regions in Mainland China (except Tibet) as a measurement of green development, and constructs an evaluation system for the green finance index, as a measurement of regional green finance development levels in China from 2007 to 2019. This paper also constructs spatial econometric models to study the effects of green finance on green development, and the influence of green finance on green development through supporting green technological innovation. Moreover, this paper analyzes the mechanisms of the spatial spillover effects and the heterogeneity in eastern, central, and western regions of China. The results of the study show that green finance only has a positive effect on green development in eastern regions, while in central and western regions, it fails to effectively support green development. The positive effect of green finance on green development by supporting green technological innovation is only in eastern regions, but it is not significant in the central region, while negative effect in the western region. Finally, according to the research conclusions, it is proposed to implement differentiated policies of green finance and the integration policies of green finance and green technological innovation policies in different regions of China.

This paper analyses the effect of foreign trade in China on the urban-rural income gap from certain angles including trade scale, trade structure and trade mode at the national and provincial levels. The empirical results indicate that, from the perspective of trade scale, the export and import in the eastern and national regions have an expansion effect on the urban-rural income gap, and, in the central regions, they have a reduction effect. Furthermore, export in the western regions has a reduction effect while import in these regions did not have a significant effect. From the perspective of trade structure, the trade of high-tech products and labour-intensive products in the national and eastern regions has an expansion effect, and the trade of the above-mentioned products in the central regions has a reduction effect. The trade of labour-intensive products in the western regions has a reduction effect, and that of high-tech products an expansion effect. From the perspective of trade mode, processing trade and general trade in the national and eastern regions have an expansion effect, while in the central regions they have a reduction effect. General trade in the western regions would expand the urban-rural income gap, and processing trade does not have a significant effect. Consequently, when the South African Government is working out trade multiplicative and corresponding policy, they should consider the development of foreign trade and should pay attention to the labour market structure.

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