Abstract
This study presents a refined lithium-ion battery model based on the Newman model, incorporating agglomerate structures in the positive electrode and non-uniform particle size distribution in the negative electrode. The agglomerates in the positive region consist of nano-scale primary particles, pore spaces, and binders, while the negative region features a random distribution of particle sizes. The model employs the volume averaging method and integrates a thermal model to provide a comprehensive simulation framework. The results of the numerical calculations and experimental measurements show that the model is in good agreement with the experimental data. The predicted discharge capacity of the proposed model is significantly higher than that of the traditional P2D model. This improvement is primarily due to the increased diffusion distance in agglomerates and the non-uniform particle sizes, which result in substantial changes in overpotential, electrolyte concentration, and solid-phase lithium-ion distribution. The model effectively captures the complex electrochemical behavior during discharge, underscoring the importance of considering structural heterogeneities in battery modeling.
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