Abstract
In some business applications, all kinds of cameras sensors are employed in a distributed way to capture videos for different tasks such as surveillance. Once some illegal actions happen, then somebody or some organization wants to forge or replace some surveillance video clips to destroy evidences or obtain illegal profits. How to authenticate the genuineness and integrity of the source video or trace the source of a video information leak becomes a growing requirement in these small businesses. Fortunately, video watermark just provides an effective technology to resolve this issue. This paper proposes a real-time video watermarking scheme for MPEG, where firstly exploits fast scenes segmentation to original video sequence and adaptively selects appropriate scenes to be embedded. Furthermore, visual model is utilized to modulate watermark strength. Watermarks are embedded by adjusting the number of bit1 in the bitstreams through changing level of run-level pairs. Experiment results show little loss of video quality and also exhibit excellent robustness against many attacks. As watermark is directly detected in bitstreams domain, real-time detection becomes a reality. In addition, the embedding strategy guarantees that the bit rate is not increased and the experiments also validate it.
Highlights
The rapid development of internet technologies has extremely accelerated the speed of information exchange and extended the channel of information exchange
The wide dissemination and the feature of making perfect copy make privacy protection, authentication and access control become a growing concern, the video watermarking provides a potential measure to these problem and has been a research hotspot in recent years [7, 8]
Swanson et al [14] proposed a video watermark algorithm based on human visual system model and scene segmentation and achieved the good tradeoff between invisibility and robustness by adjusting the wavelet coefficients of video frames; the computational complexity is too large
Summary
The rapid development of internet technologies has extremely accelerated the speed of information exchange and extended the channel of information exchange. Swanson et al [14] proposed a video watermark algorithm based on human visual system model and scene segmentation and achieved the good tradeoff between invisibility and robustness by adjusting the wavelet coefficients of video frames; the computational complexity is too large. Lu et al [19] proposed a watermarking algorithm in VLC domain, where it embedded the watermark bit into video by adjusting the mean value of all level values in one whole macroblock (MB); it does not provide a valid control on quality degradation and its robustness to timesynchronization attack is not good. Ye et al [20] proposed an improved adaptive real-time video watermarking algorithm, where it is based on visual characteristic to select suitable watermarking positions, and watermark bits are embedded into the video streams with dedundant styles through exchanging the EQSP (equal quantization step position).
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