A Quantitative Study on Carbon Emission Features of Residential Building in Shenyang Based on LCP Theory

Carbon emissions from buildings account for approximately half of China's total social carbon emissions. Focusing only on the carbon emissions of building operation tends to neglect the carbon emissions of other related parts of the building sector, thus slowing down the progress of carbon peaking in the building sector. By applying life-cycle analysis to calculate carbon emissions throughout the building's life cycle, the performance of carbon emissions at each stage of building materials, construction, operation and end-of-life demolition can be identified, so that carbon reduction strategies in building design can be selected.. This paper constructed a method for calculating the carbon emissions of green buildings in whole-building life cycle, and conducted a summary analysis of the carbon emissions of 33 projects that were awarded green building certification. The study found that the Chinese Assessment Standard for Green Buildings has a significant effect on reducing the carbon emissions of buildings in whole-building life cycle. Compared with the current average operational carbon emissions of buildings in China, the carbon intensity of green public buildings is 41.43% lower under this standard and the carbon intensity of green residential buildings is 13.99% lower. A carbon correlation analysis of the provisions of the current Chinese Assessment Standard for Green Buildings was conducted, comparing the changes in the carbon intensity of buildings before and after the revision of the standards. The study concluded that the new version of the standards has a greater impact on public buildings than residential buildings, the requirement of carbon emission reduction in the production stage of building materials is strengthened in terms of carbon emission during the whole-building life cycle. This study addresses the current problem of unclear carbon emission reduction effect of green buildings.

Based on the statistical data of energy consumption of 30 provinces in China, the carbon emissions of urban civil buildings in China’s 30 provinces from 2006 to 2017 were calculated. Secondly, the tendency value method was used to analyse the changes in carbon emissions of buildings across the country. Spatial distribution of trends and growth rates, using ArcGIS10.5 to analyse the spatial correlation and spatial agglomeration of building carbon emissions across the country, calculating the Global Moran’s I and Local Moran’s I of building carbon emissions data, verifying there is a positive spatial correlation between the carbon emissions of urban civil buildings in 30 provinces in China, and distinguishing the four types of agglomeration of high-high agglomeration, low-low agglomeration, high-low agglomeration, low-high agglomeration types of regional distribution. Finally, this paper provides some emission reduction recommendations for different regions.

In order to calculate the carbon emissions in the construction process to achieve low-carbon buildings and low-carbon construction, the author puts forward the calculation and evaluation of building thermal energy consumption and carbon emissions based on building information modeling (BIM) technology. The author first proposed the important value and application of BIM technology in energy consumption evaluation of green buildings, taking a gymnasium as an example, a carbon emission accounting system for building construction and installation process is established based on BIM technology, and the carbon emissions in building construction and installation process are calculated and analyzed. The results show that the carbon emission during the construction and installation of a gymnasium is 766300 tons, of which the carbon emission caused by building materials is 737200 tons, the carbon emission caused by mechanical equipment is 4500 tons, and that caused by office and living is 34500 tons, accounting for 94.90%, 0.59%, and 4.51%, respectively. In conclusion through data analysis, determine the largest carbon emission source in the construction process, and then propose targeted carbon emission reduction measures in the construction process of the construction industry.

Research on the influence of different heating strategies on energy consumption and carbon emission of a teaching building in Urumqi

Analysis of carbon emission differences between Chinese and Japanese buildings based on qualitative and quantitative comparisons

A detailed analysis of the embodied energy and carbon emissions of steel-construction residential buildings in China

Against the backdrop of the “dual carbon” strategy, building carbon emissions have been incorporated into the construction review process. Currently, the calculation and accounting of carbon emissions throughout the entire building lifecycle have become a hot and challenging issue in the field of building carbon emissions. Commercial office buildings, due to their large scale, high energy consumption, and significant carbon emission base, have become a key area for energy conservation and carbon reduction in public buildings. According to the building lifecycle carbon emission assessment system, the lifecycle of commercial office buildings can be divided into four stages: production of building materials, construction, operation and maintenance, and dismantling and recycling. This study takes an existing commercial office building in Beijing, China, as a case study, and based on data from energy audit reports, calculates the carbon emissions of each lifecycle stage using national standards and relevant software, and discusses the factors affecting building carbon emissions. At the same time, a comparative analysis of the differences between Chinese and Western national standards is conducted. Ultimately, strategies to reduce building carbon emissions are proposed. This study is of reference value for the precise calculation of carbon emissions throughout the lifecycle of commercial office buildings.

Assessment of operational carbon emissions for residential buildings comparing different machine learning approaches: A study of 34 cities in China

The building sector is responsible for significant carbon emissions and energy consumption, making it a critical field for global energy-saving and emission reduction efforts to combat climate change. This study calculated the building carbon emissions (BCE) of 30 provinces in the Chinese Mainland from 2010 to 2020 using the IPCC carbon emission factor method based on the statistical data of energy consumption and building materials, and then the decoupling relationship between BCE and the construction land area (CLA) was analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) BCE exhibited an overall increase from 2010 to 2020, yet at a descending rate, with a prominent decrease in indirect BCE (IBCE); (2) BCE and direct BCE (DBCE) were higher in the north but lower in the south, while IBCE was higher along the eastern coast; (3) the provinces in North China and Northeast China possess the largest areas of construction land, but the growth of CLA was the slowest or even declined in the later stage of the study; (4) the decoupling relationship between BCE and CLA is dominated by expansive negative decoupling or strong negative decoupling. The growth of BCE is generally much faster than the expansion of construction land. The findings will have important reference for achieving energy-saving and “dual carbon” strategic development goals in China.

With the rapid development of urbanization in China, the energy consumption and carbon emissions in the building sector will continue to grow. Therefore, the future dynamic evolution of building carbon emissions must be crucially investigated to achieve the "dual carbon" target in China. A system dynamics model of "urbanization-building carbon emissions" was constructed from the perspective of urbanization for revealing the mechanism of urbanization-related factors on building carbon emissions. On this basis, a dynamic simulation of the evolution trend and peak situation of building carbon emissions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei （BTH） Region from 2000 to 2050 was carried out using multi-scenario analysis. The results showed that： ① Under the baseline scenario, the carbon emissions of rural residential buildings, urban residential buildings, and commercial buildings peak in 2027, 2028, and 2037, respectively, with peaks （in CO2） of 0.60×108, 0.99×108, and 1.95×108 tons. ② Under the low-carbon scenario, the peak （in CO2, the same below） time of carbon emissions of urban residential buildings was the most advanced, reaching the peak of 0.88×108 tons in 2024. ③ In the deep low-carbon scenario, the peak time of carbon emissions of the overall buildings occurred five years earlier than that in the low-carbon scenario. It was predicted to peak at 2.61×108 tons in 2028, reaching the 2030 carbon peak target. ④ The sensitivity analysis showed that the carbon emission factor of commercial buildings and the per capita commercial building space floor in the spatial dimension were the major factors influencing the building carbon emissions, followed by the percentage of the urban population in the population dimension. Finally, suggestions are made for the government of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region to carry out energy conservation and emission reduction planning.

Controlling building carbon emissions (CEs) is key to achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. Residential blocks are the main contributors of buildings’ carbon emissions and intensity, and thus can be manipulated to achieve carbon neutrality. This work aimed to evaluate the building carbon emissions intensity (CEI) levels of residential blocks using Rhino and Grasshopper and to quantify the relationship between the block form parameters and a building’s carbon emissions (CEs). Firstly, 48 cases were selected by stratified sampling, and they were classified by architectural typology. Secondly, the residential block morphological parameters and building carbon emissions were calculated. Thirdly, the relationship between the block form parameters and the building’s CE was quantified using statistical methods. Lastly, low-carbon planning strategies for residential blocks under the target of carbon neutrality were proposed. The findings showed that the influence of the block form parameters on a building’s CE was 31.66%. A building’s shape factor has a positive influence on its CE, and the floor area ratio, building volume–site area ratio, and building height have negative influences on its CE. A building’s shape factor, cover ratio, and surface–site area ratio synergistically impact its CE. The weight of a building’s shape factor on its carbon emissions was 3.84 times that of its cover ratio and 4.46 times that of its surface–site area ratio. The technology workflow proposed in this study can provide data in support of carbon emissions assessments and low-carbon planning strategies for urban blocks in other cities in China and worldwide.

A dynamic life cycle assessment model for long-term carbon emissions prediction of buildings: A passive building as case study

There have been much interest and many efforts to control global warming and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the world. Recently, the Republic of Korea has also increased its GHG reduction goal and searched for an implementation plan. In buildings, for example, there have been technology developments and deployment policies to reduce GHG emissions from a life cycle perspective, covering construction materials, building construction, use of buildings and waste disposal. In particular, Korea’s Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design is a certification of environmentally-friendly buildings for their energy saving and reduction of environmental pollution throughout their lives. In fact, the demand and adoption of the certification are rising every year. In construction materials and buildings, as a result, an environmentally-friendly aspect has become crucial. The importance of construction material and building development technologies that can reduce environmental load by diminishing GHG emissions in buildings has emerged. Moreover, there has been a rising necessity to verify the GHG reduction effects of buildings. To assess the reduction of carbon emissions in the buildings built with low-carbon construction technologies and materials, therefore, this study estimated life cycle carbon emissions in reference buildings in which general construction materials are used and in low-carbon buildings. For this, the carbon emissions and their reduction from construction materials (especially concrete) between conventional products and low-carbon materials were estimated, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). After estimating carbon emissions from a building life cycle perspective, their reduction in low-carbon buildings compared to the reference buildings was reviewed. The results found that compared to conventional buildings, low-carbon buildings revealed a 25% decrease in carbon emissions in terms of the reduction of Life Cycle CO2 (LCCO2) per unit area. If diverse production technologies and sales routes are further developed for low-carbon construction materials, carbon emission reduction effects would considerably increase.

With rapid urbanization, the increasing building stock, building operation energy consumption and the corresponding carbon emissions have become the important factors restricting the sustainable development of cities. To reduce energy consuming, it is necessary to explore the mechanisms underlying building's operational energy consumption and carbon emission. Although previous studies have analyzed the influencing factors and driving mechanism of urban building carbon emission from different perspectives, a systematical review of the relevant studies which could provide comprehensive guidance for building energy conservation and consumption reduction is fairly scarce. Following the Social-Economic-Natural Complex Ecosystem theory, we comprehensively discussed the driving mechanisms of the building's operational energy consumption and carbon emission. We further analyzed the various single-source driving mechanisms from the perspective of socio-economic, building feature, regional climate and microclimate conditions. Finally, we tackled the weaknesses of current researches and addressed the prospect for future development. The driving mechanism summarized in this work would contribute to the development of related research and support low carbon city construction.

Embodied and operational energy and carbon emissions of passive building in HSCW zone in China: A case study