A proposal for implementation of wind energy harvesting system in trains

Economic growth fueled by the extensive utilization of natural resources and usage of fossil fuels has inflicted severe damage on the environment and resulted in climatic changes, weather extremes, increased temperatures etc. Economies all over the world are facing a trade-off between achieving high economic growth and mitigating climate change. As economic prosperity and development will always come at the cost of rapid consumption of resources from the environment, the role of technology and the adoption of innovation systems that helps countries to achieve high growth in a sustainable manner are becoming extremely important. While the developed economies have responded to this challenge by adopting a low carbon growth path, the developing economies due to their lack of resources, capital and infrastructure still lag behind. In particular, India is facing the twin challenge of accomplishing high economic growth in order to provide employment to its young and aspiring population while coping up with climate change and energy security. Due to its fossil fuel based energy system it is currently the fourth largest emitter of greenhouse gases after economies like China, United States and the European Union. Currently both public and private players in the India are playing their role in helping India achieve a sustainable growth by investing in research and development, supporting start-up ecosystem, focusing on renewable sources of energy and adopting clean technology. Section I provides an introduction to the paper. Section II discusses the global picture of energy consumption and carbon emissions. Section III stresses on the importance of technology and innovation systems to mitigate the problems of climate change. Section IV discusses the case of India, with emphasis on its energy consumption patterns and the various strategies it has adopted in order to ensure energy security. Section V analyzes the energy ecosystems and the corresponding sectoral innovation system. Section VI concludes the paper and draws three major policy implications. Firstly, given the heavy reliance of India on its conventional sources of energy enhancing the efficiency of this sector is of utmost importance. Second the existence of huge externalities and the presence of market failures in the energy sector must be recognized and woven into the design of India’s future energy policy. Also the country needs to formulate strategic plans for its renewable energy sector. Lastly, it suggests that the key to achieving success in India’s strategic energy action plan lies in designing an effective implementation strategy.

Structural dynamics of innovation networks funded by the European Union in the context of systemic innovation of the renewable energy sector

In the era of globalization and rapid economic growth, affecting most world economies, increased production and consumption are leading to higher levels of energy production and consumption. The growing demand for energy means that energy resources from conventional sources are not sufficient; moreover, its production generates high costs and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases and waste. In view of the above, many countries have opted to implement an energy transformation. The energy transition allows the transition from an energy system based on conventional fuels to an energy system based mainly on renewable energy (RE) and low-emission sources. In the EU, the development of a “green economy” has become a strategic goal in the fight against climate change. The development of RE offers the possibility to improve the energy security of a given country and the entire EU. New, innovative technologies of RE also increase the attractiveness and competitiveness of the economies of the Member States. In line with the EU strategy, the activities carried out aim to achieve a situation in which, in 2050, the activities of economies will not endanger the environment. The main purpose of this article was the assessment of the RE sector in the Pomerania region in the context of energy transformation. To achieve this goal, PEST analysis regarding the functioning of the RE sector in the selected Polish region was used and the potential of the RE sector was determined using GIS tools on the basis of physical conditions. The article presents the research hypothesis that the RE sector within the Pomerania Voivodeship possesses appropriate energy potential, which will allow this Voivodeship to become an energy self-sufficient region based on the use of these energy sources (according to EU strategy). The implementation of the goal set in the article allowed for the verification of the research hypothesis, where the determined energy potential from the RE sector would cover the Voivodeship’s needs due to the use of electricity and heat. The conducted research shows that the RE sector in these regions has high energy potential to meet the criteria outlined in EU legal documents and to implement them successfully within the intended period.

Overview of the initiatives in renewable energy sector under the national action plan on climate change in India

As technology and industry moves on, the human being changes life style. Global warming causes by massive using of high carbon dioxide products and transportation. Climate change also affect the life of human being, it brings natural calamities such as flood, powerful typhoon, drought etc.. In recent years, eco-conscious growing makes the governments concern about environmental protection issue. On 11 December 1997, an important international agreement- “The Kyoto Protocol” was adopted, 37 countries (Annex I countries) commit themselves to a reduction of greenhouse gases under the protocol. After signing the Kyoto Protocol, the EU actively legislate a series of policies about environmental protection and climate change to reach the protocol commitment of 8% greenhouse gases reduction. In the meanwhile, the EU strengthens environmental protection conscious of its citizens. Besides, for energy security, the EU also actively researchs in the sector of renewable energies. Nowadays, the EU has become the leader in sector of low-carbon technologies and renewable energies. Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural and renewable resources such as wind, sun light, biomass geothermal energy etc. As with any other renewable energy source solar energy also means less CO2 emissions, and less emphasis on fossil fuels. Many years ago the EU started to research solar energy, today the EU already get enormous success in the solar sector. Germany and Spain are the biggest two photovoltaic installation member states in the EU. Germany is the largest photovoltaic market of the world. The greatest success should be referred to German “Renewable Energy Act (EEG)” which provided remuneration for electricity feed-in. This measure was imitated by other countries. On the other side, because of a series of solar policies and superior geographic location, Spain excellently developed the solar energy in the last decade, and has become the second largest European photovoltaic market in 2008. Although Taiwan has substantial base of semiconductor industry to develop solar technologies, but our government has negative attitude toward renewable policies, it will block the development of the solar industry in the future. In the 1970s, the region of Baden-Wurttemberg planned to build a nuclear power plant at Wyhl, just 30 km from Freiburg. There was a major protest, with widespread civil disobedience, and in 1975 the plans were defeated. During this time, the German federal government decided to gradually suspend using nuclear energy. The successful experiences of Germany and Spain can prove that solar industry was largely depended on the support of government.

A major concern regarding innovation in clean technologies in the EU is that the fragmentation of its innovation system may hinder knowledge flows and, consequently, spillovers across member countries. A low intensity of knowledge flows across EU states can negatively impact their technological base, suppressing opportunities for further innovations and hindering the movement towards the technological frontier. This paper evaluates the fragmentation of the EU innovation system in the field of renewable energy sources (RES) by examining the intensity and direction of knowledge spillovers over the years 1985-2010. We modify the original double exponential knowledge diffusion model to provide information on the degree of integration of EU countries’ innovation efforts and to assess how citation patterns changed over time. We show that EU RES inventors have increasingly built “on the shoulders of the other EU giants”, intensifying their citations to other member countries and decreasing those to domestic inventors. Furthermore, the EU strengthened its position as source of RES knowledge for the US. Finally, we show that this pattern is peculiar to RES, with other traditional (i.e. fossil-based) energy technologies behaving in a completely different way.

The financial performance analysis of the companies operating in the energy sector of the countries will be an important indicator for the countries. Especially with the renewable energy sector gaining importance, the most basic way for companies in the renewable energy sector to be successful and ensure their continuity is to pay attention to their financial performance management and take a role in the global market. It is very important for companies to determine the status of their financial performance. Because of this situation, companies use ratio analysis, one of the methods used in the analysis of financial statements, in order to determine the status of their financial performance. It is used to determine the significant relationships between the accounts in the financial statements with the ratio analysis technique. In this method, mathematical relations are established between accounts or groups of accounts. With the results obtained with mathematical relations, it is tried to reach a judgment about the economic and financial structure of the enterprise. The aim of this study is to examine 8 companies operating in the energy sector in Turkey and operating in renewable energy sources among the companies registered in Borsa Istanbul (BIST). The financial statements of 8 companies for the years 2020, 2021, and 2022 will be examined using ratio analysis, one of the financial analysis methods, and their financial performance, liquidity, leverage, activity, and profitability will be examined. The reason for choosing the 2020 period is that it can reach the financial statements, and the number of companies in the renewable energy sector is at its maximum level. In the first chapter, energy and energy resources are defined, and the energy sector in the world and in Turkey is examined. In addition, similar studies in the literature are included in this section. In the second part, financial performance analysis and its methods are mentioned, and the multi-criteria decision-making method is mentioned. In the third part, their financial performances are analyzed and interpreted using the ratio analysis method. After these processes, after weighting the criteria objectively with Entropy methods, the companies were ranked according to their performances by making use of the distances from the ideal solution with TOPSIS, one of the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. In the last part, the findings obtained as a result of the application were presented, and in the conclusion part, evaluations were made and interpreted.

The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is an international financial institution and a specialized United Nations agency dedicated to eradicating poverty and hunger in rural areas of developing countries. The ‘Livestock and Renewable Energy’ Thematic Paper is part of a toolkit for development practitioners, created to support the design of appropriate livestock development interventions. It has been developed to assess existing synergies between livestock and the renewable energy sector and consider the potential benefits that could arise from their interactions, such as mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, environmental preservation (soil restoration), and availability of clean, affordable and reliable energy sources (e.g. biogas). The paper is divided into two sections. The first part looks at livestock’s potential as a renewable energy source. For example, through the use of cost-effective technologies such as biogas systems that can stem methane emissions from livestock manure by recovering the gas and using it as an energy source as an alternative to wood/charcoal or fossil fuel. The second part, given the climate change scenario, considers viable applications of renewable energy technologies (RETs) addressed for small-scale farmers and livestock keepers at different levels of the value chain that can provide multifunctional benefits for households, community and environment. Drawing on knowledge gained from IFAD-supported projects and from experiences and lessons learned by other IFAD partners, the paper provides recommendations for project design and possible actions to encourage the use of RETs that will enhance a sustainable livestock sector, preserve the environment and facilitate access to a renewable and sustainable energy sector. The paper thus seeks to identify the direct benefits from combining policy measures and innovation technologies for poor small-scale farmers and their production systems.

The main objective of this review is to develop renewable energy (RE) sectors and overcome any obstacles regarding this in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has been facing energy crisis in all sectors in need of electricity. The techno-economical and policy making challenges are the main barrier of renewable energy sources installment in Bangladesh. But in recent years, Bangladesh has achieved notable progress in the development of its renewable energy industry. Bangladesh produces 723.26 MW of electricity from renewable sources, which include 67.61% solar, 31.80% hydro, and 0.58% wind, biogas, and biomass. Of these, 489 MW are produced by more than 6 million (63, 25, 278) installed solar cells. This assessment offers a thorough examination of the nation's present renewable energy situation, stressing both the fundamental difficulties and noteworthy successes. The research reviews the many renewable energy sources, such as hydropower, biomass, mechanical vibration, wind, and solar electricity, and assesses how much of each the country needs to use. Analyzing the legal and policy environment that governs renewable energy in Bangladesh, the research highlights the necessity of focused measures to remove current obstacles. It talks about how overcoming obstacles and promoting sustainable growth can be accomplished through international cooperation and financial assistance. The research also looks at the socioeconomic effects of renewable energy programs, considering how they may affect employment and electrification in rural areas. The analysis provides an outlook on the prospects of the renewable energy sector in Bangladesh. Emerging technologies, possible market trends, and innovative prospects are covered. To assist stakeholders, investors, and legislators in navigating the shift to a more resilient and sustainable energy future, recommendations are offered. With an emphasis on highlighting successes and outlining challenges, this research provides a thorough analysis of Bangladesh's renewable energy industry. Bangladesh may establish itself as a regional leader in the adoption of renewable energy sources and support international efforts to mitigate climate change by recognizing the obstacles of the present and laying out a plan for future development. This research will help to the researchers and policymakers for making more renewable energy in Bangladesh without facing any difficulties.

Lignocellulose biomass is the prevalent and economic substrate for biofuel generation. Population growth and industrialization are continually taxing the available energy sources and reducing the world's fuel reserves. Increased pollution brought on by the ongoing use of fossil fuels gravely pollutes the ecosystem in the area. An ecologically beneficial way to deal with such issues is to employ alternative energy sources. Biofuels (fuels generated from biomass), which are prominent renewable energy sources, can be a more effective substitute for non-renewable fossil fuels. The phrase "lignocellulosic biomass" describes plant-based waste, mostly from forestry operations, agricultural runoff, and yard trash, that is not used as food or animal feed. Lignocellulose biomass is increasingly studied for its potential in sustainable energy production. Processes like pyrolysis, fermentation or enzymatic hydrolysis, lignocellulosic biomass can be used for converting to biofuels and bioenergy thereby offering an alternative to fossil fuels. Since it utilizes waste materials, lignocellulosic biomass helps in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, waste accumulation, and dependency on non-renewable resources. In India, lignocellulosic biomass holds significant potential as a renewable energy source, contributing to the country’s efforts to enhance its energy security and sustainability. Governments across the globe are enacting regulations, acting initiatives, and creating a permissive environment to attract international investment and quickly advance the nation in the renewable energy sector. This review identifies various ways to create an environmentally friendly by employing alternative energy sources. The potential for microbial conversion of biomass fuels (CO2 utilization and other fuels extracted from biomass) which are among the renewable energy sources, can become a more effective substitute for non-renewable fossil fuels. These fuels will evolve in the same form as bioethanol.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to examine investors’ economic and social profiles in renewable energy sources with the help of widely used investment rating indicators, such as Net Present Value, Internal Grade of Performance and Profitability Index. Design/methodology/approach: The study used an empirical research, gathering economic data from investments in renewable energy sources in the Regional Units of Thessaloniki, Imathia and Pella. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire, administered with personal interviews with investors, by applying a simple random sampling method through a population-total number of investors retrieved from the Ministry of Environment, Energy, and Climate Change records. Findings: The results demonstrate that investments in renewable energy projects are sustainable and highly efficient on a case-by-case basis. The main criterion for accepting an investment element in a specific renewable energy technology application is the calculation of the Internal Rate of Return. The optimal investment pertains to photovoltaic system installations. Among the investments, hydroelectric and wind investments are also enticing. Investments in wind energy have the highest net present value, followed by investments in photovoltaic and hydroelectric systems. Concerning the profitability index, it is observed that investments in photovoltaic systems have a higher profitability index, followed by investments in wind and hydroelectric systems. As far as social characteristics are concerned, the majority of investors, regardless of their profession, invest in photovoltaics. Freelancers predominantly invest in wind energy projects, while employees mainly invest in hydroelectric projects. Research limitations/implications: The main limitation of the survey is related to the sample, which consisted of investors from three regional areas of Greece. A future study may be conducted to a larger sample, from all Greek regional units and examine possible differences in the results related to geographical area and profile of the investors. Originality/value: From the literature review, it is found that there is a lack of a comprehensive scientific method for evaluating the optimal investment choice in the renewable energy sector, leaving potential investors without a reliable framework for assessment of investment proposals. The current study can serve as a tool for investors in the renewable energy sector, assessing whether an investment yields financial gains compared to the capital allocated and therefore providing a tool to investors to know in advance the benefit of their potential investment.

The subject of this master thesis are the “Foreign direct investments and renewable energy sources: legal analysis of current developments”. The topic is focused on the effects brought by incentivizing long-term investments in the energy sector and the possible ‘scenarios’ that could follow as an outcome. In the introduction, the aim is to describe how the renewable energy sector usually depends on large, upfront investments, which take long period of time until the invested amount is returned. Given the substantial initial capital investment required, many countries (particularly those in the European Union) have enacted schemes, such as feed-in tariffs or other special rates, to encourage long-term investment. Investors in the renewable energy sector have a strong interest in the stability of this regulatory regime and every investor strongly values the continuity of any incentive schemes for renewable energy over the period of expected recovery. The paper also closely observes the impact and the meaning of protection from unwarranted government policy changes that could amount to expropriation or even to a denial of fair and equitable treatment. An important milestone and the key to assurance of the future investors is the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), originally concluded in the aftermath of the Cold War, with a purpose to integrate the former Soviet Union's resource-rich energy sectors into the European market. The role of the Treaty is briefly discussed as the ECT provides an international legal framework for energy cooperation, particularly in Europe. Since the past decade saw a significantly increased level of investment, including foreign investment as a result of international initiatives on the development of alternative energy sources, a significant number of countries have implemented government subsidies and support schemes to encourage investment in renewable energy. These measures were designed to encourage renewable resources usage and to gradually decrease the continued use of fossil fuels. The fact that companies are deciding to invest in RES definitely has a positive impact and surely is in line with the global measures and efforts to fight the global warming and the climate change, but this also has negative effects. As the number of RES investments arises, the number of disputes under the ECT arises as well and the thesis analyses several relevant cases against EU countries. Before concluding, the paper focuses on the changing role of the ECT derived from the recently arisen disputes and how this could impact the future of RES investments. The author finishes strong, by describing the bigger picture and gives her own input regarding the future of the topic.

This paper introduces a technical scheme of auxiliary power supply system of passenger train based on photovoltaic and energy storage, renewable energy will be injected into the power supply system of train by this system. This paper introduces the technical characteristics, energy consumption level and application situation of Chinese passenger trains, then design a new type auxiliary power supply system of train. It's include details about the structure of auxiliary power supply system, installation methods of photovoltaic panels, MPPT algorithm, the stability control strategy of system, energy management strategy of system. Finally it gives estimation value of the power generation capacity of year, and analyzes the system efficiency, the effect of energy conservation and emissions reduction. This system can be used in any passenger trains, which operating in electrified railway as well as general railway. A new method of power supply system of passenger train and a new application area of photovoltaic technology are designed in the paper.

In the era of the increasing implementation of renewable energy sources in the electrical energy supply the demand for energy storage continues to grow. This is because the renewable energy sources, mainly in the form of wind and solar energy, are sustainable, but at the same time are subject to natural fluctuations. The wind does not always blow, and the sun does not always shine. Therefore, a stable and reliable power supply is more challenging than ever. It now must regulate fluctuating electricity demand and fluctuating electricity supply. At the same time decentralized energy supply systems based mainly also on PV and wind energy (e.g. as hybrid systems) storage requirement will become a key component of these local electrical energy supply networks especiallyy to balance the energy demand and supply. Among the many storage techniques an important example is the Hydro-Power-Tower an innovative hydraulic energy storage system based on pumped storage technology. Depending on the actual storage method that can be based on gravity (lifting / falling of weight in a vertical underground or above ground Tower), on air compression / decompression or on a combination of both techniques, can be distinguished the following Storage systems, Gravity Hydro Power Tower Storage (GHPTS), Compressed Air Hydro Power Tower Storage (CAHPTS) and Gravity Compressed Air Hydro Power Tower Storage (GCAHPTS).The GHPTS is the classic form of the Hydro Power Tower Storage and is widely discussed in the literature with scientific results and technical applications especially in the last decade. Besides the many advantages of (GHPTS) an important disadvantage is the very high weight and high cost of the tower piston (usually metal) which is the key component for potential energy storage. The storage based on Compressed Air is also widely applied in different storage systems but less so than Power Tower. Regarding the application of compressed air, in the PTS system, some own results are to mention, proposing a replacement possibility of the heavy overload piston of (GHPTES) using a part of the tower as a compressed air reservoir. The present study considers the combination of both storage techniques Gravity and Compressed Air integrated in a so-called Gravity-Compressed-Air-Hydro- Power- Tower - Storage (GCAHPTS). The combined influence of compressed air pressure and high of weight tower piston on the stored energy will be analysed. The obtained results allow the optimal design of such a combined power tower storage system. When the compressed air or high weight piston is missing on obtain GHPTS or CAPTS respectively.

The scope of this paper is to study the failure of hydro-mechanical transmission in earth moving equipments and introducing an auxiliary system to overcome the transmission disengagement on working sites. The main aim of the auxiliary system is to get the transmission in gear in order to get the machine to move and avoid the crane cost lift the machine for maintenance. A 936F caterpillar wheel loader is used as a case study where mostly for the hydromechanical transmission under study; the speed selector spool is failure in the transmission hydraulic controls causes the loader cannot move. So an auxiliary control module to engaged No.6 clutch has been presented and have first speed forward only to rescue the equipments. In the present work, a mathematical model has been developed to simulate the electrohydraulic control system for an auxiliary control module to engage the first speed. An auxiliary module consists of an electrohydraulic directional control valve that used to engage the first speed by actuated the clutch engagement piston. Experimental setup has been conducted to study the dynamic behavior of auxiliary controller on the engage and disengage of the first speed train. The experimental test rig included an auxiliary pump as well as directional control valve where the transmission input and output speeds are monitored as well as the actuating pressure. The results of both simulation and experimental test shows that the purposed auxiliary system is able to engage the transmission into first gear in case of main system pressure leakage. Mathematical model has been proposed for the electrohydraulic control system that used to be the auxiliary engagement system.