A Proclamation Blessing ChapmanStephen B., The Lord Bless You: Numbers 6 for the Life of the Church (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2025. $24.99. pp. xvi + 200. ISBN: 978-1-5409-6061-0).

A “Brilliant Talk” and a “Stirring Appeal”: How Women of Grand Rapids, Michigan, Built an Audience for the Ballets Russes in 1917

THE MICHIGAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 39:1 (Spring 2013): 71-100.©2013 by Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All Rights Reserved. 2012 Student Essay Prize Winner Becoming Latino: Mexican and Puerto Rican Community Formation in Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1926-1964 by Delia Fernández Introduction Nilda and Virginia Fernández are still not sure which one of them is pictured in Image 1. Virginia says she is to the left in the foreground, but Nilda also recalls being at the photo site that September day in 1968, so it could be her instead. If it is Virginia, then Nilda says that maybe she was behind her sister, and that is why Nilda is not visible in the photograph. Even if they cannot remember the particulars, they both remember participating in festivals like this every year. The Mexican Independence Day celebration was a tradition in cities around the United States, much like it was in Grand Rapids, Michigan, a typical city on the west side of the state that was once dubbed the “Furniture City.”1 A unique aspect of this particular parade, however, is that the Fernández 1 For more information on Grand Rapids’ history, see Christian G. Carron, Grand Rapids Furniture: The Story of America’s Furniture City (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Public Museum of Grand Rapids, 1998); Thomas R. Dilley, Grand Rapids: Community and Industry (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2006); Richard H. Harms and Robert W. Viol, Grand Rapids Goes to War: The 1940s Homefront (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Grand Rapids Historical Society, 1993); Randal Maurice Jelks, African Americans in the Furniture City: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Grand Rapids (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006); Jeff Kleiman, Strike! How the Furniture Workers Strike of 1911 Changed Grand Rapids (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Grand Rapids Historical Commission, 2006); Norma Lewis, Grand Rapids: Furniture City (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2008); Z. Z. Lydens, ed., The Story of Grand Rapids (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Kregal, 1966); Gordon L. Olson, Flight to Freedom: The Story of the Vietnamese of West Michigan (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Grand Rapids Historical Commission, 2004); idem and Susan Lovell, Grand Rapids, a City Renewed: A History since World War II (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Grand Rapids Historical Commission, 1996); Gordon L. Olson, A Grand Rapids Sampler (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Grand Rapids Historical Commission, 1992); Linda Samuelson and Andrew Schrier, Heart & Soul : The Story of Grand Rapids Neighborhoods (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 2003); Reinder Van Til and Gordon L. Olson, Thin Ice: Coming of Age in Grand Rapids (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 2007). 72 The Michigan Historical Review sisters are not actually Mexican, but Puerto Rican. Although Puerto Ricans have no historical connection to Mexican Independence Day, the sisters felt that their participation at this festival was welcomed and encouraged. The presence of both Mexican/Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans at this Mexican celebration is significant.2 Both populations recognized similarities and differences shared by each, but many of the migrants and immigrants referred to themselves collectively as “Spanish-Speaking” people. However, this article will show that the two groups’ relationship depended on more than a simple linguistic bond. They shared work experiences, culture, a common Catholic faith, and similar opportunities for jobs and leisure, which together fostered the formation of a single Latino identity. In addition, both groups faced discrimination. As the Latino population in the United States continues to grow, it is important to understand the historical roots of this panethnic identity. Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in Grand Rapids, Michigan, provide a compelling case study of Latino identity formation. Historians like George Sanchez and David Gutiérrez have thoroughly researched Mexican American identity and community formation, while a host of others have also looked at Mexican community formation in Chicago, Detroit, and Los Angeles, as well as in smaller cities like Corona, California.3 Puerto Rican historians such as Carmen Teresa Whalen have similarly studied the Puerto Rican diaspora 2 I use “Mexican American” to refer to ethnically Mexican, but nationally American people. I use “Mexican national” to refer to an immigrant who is both ethnically and nationally Mexican. I use “Mexican” to refer to both groups. The majority of the ethnically Mexican population in Grand...

The objective of this work was to check the possible allelism between two sources of resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita race 1 in lettuce (‘Grand Rapids’ and ‘Salinas-88’). The experiments were carried out in greenhouses, in expanded 128-cell polystyrene trays filled with commercial substrate. Lettuce cultivars ‘Salinas 88’ and ‘Grand Rapids’ were tested along with the populations F1 (‘Grand Rapids’ × ‘Salinas-88’), F2 (‘Grand Rapids’ × ‘Salinas-88’), F3 (‘Grand Rapids’ × ‘Salinas-88’), and with F4 families derived from the latter population. Seedlings were inoculated 15 days after sowing with a nematode egg suspension equivalent to 30 eggs ml−1 of substrate. Plants were evaluated for apparent gall incidence, gall scores, egg mass scores and extracted egg numbers 45 days after the inoculation date. There was evidence that two different genes are involved in control of resistance to M. incognita race 1 in lettuce cultivars Grand Rapids and Salinas-88. Lines with higher levels of nematode resistance than either Grand Rapids or Salinas-88 could be selected in the F4 generation of the cross between these resistant parental lines.

ChemInformVolume 21, Issue 51 Physical Inorganic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: A Theoretical Study of the Linear Versus Bent Geometry for Several MX2 Molecules: MgF2, CaH2, CaF2, CeO2 and YbCl2 R. L. DEKOCK, R. L. DEKOCK Dep. Chem., Calvin Coll., Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. A. PETERSON, M. A. PETERSON Dep. Chem., Calvin Coll., Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USASearch for more papers by this authorL. K. TIMMER, L. K. TIMMER Dep. Chem., Calvin Coll., Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USASearch for more papers by this authorE. J. BAERENDS, E. J. BAERENDS Dep. Chem., Calvin Coll., Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USASearch for more papers by this authorP. VERNOOIJS, P. VERNOOIJS Dep. Chem., Calvin Coll., Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USASearch for more papers by this author R. L. DEKOCK, R. L. DEKOCK Dep. Chem., Calvin Coll., Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USASearch for more papers by this authorM. A. PETERSON, M. A. PETERSON Dep. Chem., Calvin Coll., Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USASearch for more papers by this authorL. K. TIMMER, L. K. TIMMER Dep. Chem., Calvin Coll., Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USASearch for more papers by this authorE. J. BAERENDS, E. J. BAERENDS Dep. Chem., Calvin Coll., Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USASearch for more papers by this authorP. VERNOOIJS, P. VERNOOIJS Dep. Chem., Calvin Coll., Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: December 18, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.199051001Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume21, Issue51December 18, 1990 RelatedInformation

The Michigan Historical Review 44:2 (Fall 2018): 37-66©2018 Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All Rights Reserved A “Self-Made Town”: Semi-Annual Furniture Expositions and the Development of Civic Identity in Grand Rapids, 1878-1965 By Scott Richard St. Louis The Right Place at the Right Time1 In the later decades of the nineteenth century, prominent business figures in the city of Grand Rapids had reason to be both ambitious and optimistic. Striving to pull every last cent of profit out of available resources, they rationalized production workflows and integrated the latest technologies into their factories. They also perceptively discerned that a maturing railroad network connecting Grand Rapids to an emerging Victorian consumer economy would empower the city to achieve new levels of prosperity and fame through an industry on the verge of unprecedented growth: domestic furniture production.2 These entrepreneurs acted upon their hopes for the community’s future through the establishment of the semi-annual Grand Rapids Furniture Expositions, beginning in December 1878. At first glance, these expositions might seem to have been a mere manifestation of the community’s recognition as America’s “Furniture City.” However, they actually constituted a fundamental cause behind the construction of this 1 Previous versions of this research were presented at the Second Annual Midwestern History Conference in Grand Rapids on 1 June 2016; at the 131st Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association in Denver, Colorado, on 7 January 2017; and at “History Detectives: Sleuthing for Local History,” a program held at the Grand Rapids Public Library on 28 January 2017. 2 For more information on the history of industrialization in the Midwest during the nineteenth century, see David R. Meyer, “Midwestern Industrialization and the American Manufacturing Belt in the Nineteenth Century,” The Journal of Economic History 49.4 (December 1989): 921-37 and Brian Page and Richard Walker, “From Settlement to Fordism: The Agro-Industrial Revolution in the American Midwest,” Economic Geography 67.4 (October 1991): 281-315. Meyer notes that the Midwest increased “its share of national manufacturing value added from 14 to 26 percent between 1860 and 1900” (92223 ). Page and Walker note that in “exploring the spatial form of the Midwest, particular emphasis must be put on the neglected role of small industrial cities in the process of regional industrialization and the formation of a dense network of urban spaces” (284). 38 The Michigan Historical Review civic identity by local citizens: business leaders and supportive community members who collaborated in making the Grand Rapids name synonymous with excellent household furniture on an international scale. These citizens also resolved to prevent similar efforts in rival cities— including the powerhouses of New York and especially Chicago—from eclipsing their own.3 The astonishing extent of their success provided the city with a greater profile in the national consciousness and transformed the physical and economic landscape of Grand Rapids itself. Given that Grand Rapids fits comfortably into Midwestern historian Timothy Mahoney’s description of small cities, this article also responds to his call for scholarly examinations of these urban spaces and their relationship to the broader regional and national economic forces that influence—and are influenced by—the fate of such cities.4 By arguing for the importance of the semi-annual furniture expositions to the development of Grand Rapids, this research sheds light on the place of a small Midwestern city in the growth of a national consumer culture during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.5 3 For more information on the place of Chicago in Midwestern history, see Timothy B. Spears, Chicago Dreaming: Midwesterners and the City, 1871-1919 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005) and William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991). 4 Timothy R. Mahoney, “The Small City in American History,” Indiana Magazine of History 99.4 (December 2003): 311-30. 5 Within the last decade, scholars have been rebuilding the intellectual infrastructure required to spark and sustain a revival of Midwestern studies in American historical scholarship. For example, the Midwestern History Association was established in 2014; in 2015, it began hosting annual conferences and publishing Studies in Midwestern History. Additionally...

A preplant acetone permeation of ‘Grand Rapids’ and ‘Mesa 659’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds with either cyclohexanecarboxamide 1-(3-chlorophthalimide) (phthalimide) or gibberellin A 4+7 (GA) in combination with kinetin (KIN) and/or (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) markedly relieved the adverse effect of high temperature (20°, 12 hr night/30°C day regime) on seedling emergence from soil. Permeation of GA in ‘Grand Rapids’ seeds increased seedling hypocotyl length by 121% compared to only 25% for phthalimide permeated seeds. In ‘Mesa 659’ seeds, the corresponding increases with GA and phthalimide permeation were 52% and 26%, respectively. Permeation of GA + ethephon + KIN and phthalimide + ethephon + KIN increased seedling hypocotyl elongation over the control by 126% and 60% in ‘Grand Rapids’ and 91% and 21% in ‘Mesa 659’, respectively. Seed permeation with phthalimide tended to increase the leaf chlorophyll content of emerging seedlings. Permeation of GA decreased leaf chlorophyll up to 28% in ‘Mesa 659’ and up to 13% in ‘Grand Rapids’. These findings indicate that phthalimide could be substituted for GA in seed treatments needed to alleviate the adverse effects of high temperatures on germination and seedling establishment and to improve growth characteristics of emerged seedlings.

Downy mildew on lettuce is currently controlled using host resistance genes (Dm genes) that confer race-specific resistance in seedlings. Field resistance (FR) that is active in adult plants but not seedlings was identified in the cvs. Grand Rapids and Iceberg. The goal of our study was to evaluate the utility of Grand Rapids as a source of novel Bremia resistance alleles, particularly in comparison with Iceberg. To measure FR, downy mildew symptoms were evaluated following natural infection in field experiments. The responses of Grand Rapids and Iceberg were similar in many respects. Although both cultivars had a small percentage of plants exhibiting disease symptoms, the average disease ratings were as low as for cultivars with effective Dm genes. We observed no evidence for race specificity. FR was effective over 3 years of our study, despite documented variation within pathogen populations. Both cultivars lacked all known seedling resistance genes except Dm13, which was not responsible for the resistance observed in field experiments. Similar segregation of FR was observed in F2 populations for both Grand Rapids and Iceberg. The presence of highly susceptible families within Grand Rapids × Iceberg populations suggested the presence of at least one unique resistance allele in each cultivar. Preliminary genetic analysis of FR from Grand Rapids revealed a high estimate of narrow-sense heritability that suggested simple inheritance, but single gene models did not fit the observed data. Our results suggest that Grand Rapids may represent an underutilized resource for controlling downy mildew in lettuce.

These two works represent the latest phase in scholarship on black communities in the twentieth century, both suggesting the continuing engagement of scholars with the problem of race in twentieth-century America. One is a study of a small black community in a medium-sized northern city during the first half of the century, and the other examines black activism in a predominantly black southern county during the second half of the century. Each was a successful dissertation at a leading university, and each is published by a respected university press—arguably the two academic presses that have contributed the most to the large number of historical monographs on American race relations in the last generation. But together the two books reflect some of the more serious shortcomings of scholarship and publishing on race in the past decade or so. Randall Maurice Jelks examines a tiny black community—less than 3,000 people for most of his period—from the perspective of “respectability,” a concern that Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham identified in 1993 as a fundamental preoccupation within turn-of-the-twentieth-century black communities. Focusing on respectability depends heavily on examining the behaviors of African Americans in churches, and Jelks seems most interested in what black congregations in Grand Rapids did. He says from the outset that he is not much interested in the issues raised by Joe W. Trotter on Milwaukee; John Bodnar and others on Pittsburgh; Kenneth Kusmer on Cleveland; Allan Spear, James Grossman, and Arnold Hirsch on Chicago; Gilbert Osofsky on New York; or August Meier, Elliott Rudwick, and Thomas Sugrue on Detroit. One puts this book down without a clear sense of exactly where blacks in Grand Rapids lived in relation to their white neighbors, what they did for living and how their economic lives might have evolved over time, and how the precise nature of race discrimination unfolded in Grand Rapids. Jelks surely has the right to present the book he wants, but he has done so at the expense of connecting what he knows about Grand Rapids to the issues that scholars who went before him have identified as the salient contexts for the northern black experience. What a curious reader might give for a map showing where blacks lived and worshipped or a table or two profiling economic realities. Even if the pursuit of respectability is worthy of being a dominant theme in the history of Grand Rapids, informed readers need to know how respectability shaped blacks' economic opportunities, political rights, and the use of space. This thin effort fails to meet that need, and the underanalyzed content of the commitment to respectability is insufficient to teach us much about black Grand Rapids. Jelks vaguely suggests that the Grand Rapids black community underwent dramatic alterations as a result of the post–World War II migrations, but he does not pursue the specifics, which means he does not connect to the work of Hirsch and Sugrue.

Resistance to the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood would be an important attribute of lettuce Lactuca sativa L. cultivars adapted to both protected and field cultivation in tropical regions. `Grand Rapids' and a few other cultivars are reported to be resistant to this nematode. In this paper, we studied the inheritance of the resistant reaction of `Grand Rapids' (P2) in a cross with a standard nematode-susceptible cultivar Regma-71 (P1). F1(Regina-71 × Grand Rapids) and F2 seed were obtained, and inoculated along with the parental cultivars with different races of M. incognita to evaluate nematode resistance. Broad sense heritability estimates for the number of galls and of egg masses per root system, gall size and gall index were generally in the order of 0.5 or higher. Class distributions of these variables over generations P1, P2, F1 and F2 were in agreement with simulated theoretical distributions based on monogenic inheritance models. F3 families were obtained from randomly sampled F2 plants and tested for reaction to the nematode. The frequency ratio of homozygous resistant, segregating and homozygous susceptible F3 families did not differ from the 1:2:1 ratio expected from monogenic inheritance. M. incognita resistance appears to be under control of a single gene locus. The Grand Rapids allele (for which the symbol Me is proposed) is responsible for the resistant reaction, and shows high (though incomplete) penetrance, variable expressivity and predominantly additive gene action.

Journal Article Evaluation of a Training Program for Volunteers Who Provide Peer Support Get access A. R. Acton, RN, BSN, A. R. Acton, RN, BSN 1Phoenix Society for Burn Survivors, East Grand Rapids, MI2Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA3Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL4Spectrum Health Regional Burn Center, Grand Rapids, MI5Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD6St. Joseph's Regional Burn Center, Fort Wayne, IN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. J. Edwards, PhD, K. J. Edwards, PhD 1Phoenix Society for Burn Survivors, East Grand Rapids, MI2Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA3Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL4Spectrum Health Regional Burn Center, Grand Rapids, MI5Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD6St. Joseph's Regional Burn Center, Fort Wayne, IN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. L. Sproul, RN, BSN, J. L. Sproul, RN, BSN 1Phoenix Society for Burn Survivors, East Grand Rapids, MI2Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA3Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL4Spectrum Health Regional Burn Center, Grand Rapids, MI5Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD6St. Joseph's Regional Burn Center, Fort Wayne, IN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. K. Bennett, MSW, B. K. Bennett, MSW 1Phoenix Society for Burn Survivors, East Grand Rapids, MI2Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA3Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL4Spectrum Health Regional Burn Center, Grand Rapids, MI5Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD6St. Joseph's Regional Burn Center, Fort Wayne, IN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. N. Bonner, MSW, J. N. Bonner, MSW 1Phoenix Society for Burn Survivors, East Grand Rapids, MI2Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA3Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL4Spectrum Health Regional Burn Center, Grand Rapids, MI5Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD6St. Joseph's Regional Burn Center, Fort Wayne, IN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L. C. Ware, OTR, L. C. Ware, OTR 1Phoenix Society for Burn Survivors, East Grand Rapids, MI2Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA3Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL4Spectrum Health Regional Burn Center, Grand Rapids, MI5Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD6St. Joseph's Regional Burn Center, Fort Wayne, IN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. E. Young, RPT P. E. Young, RPT 1Phoenix Society for Burn Survivors, East Grand Rapids, MI2Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA3Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL4Spectrum Health Regional Burn Center, Grand Rapids, MI5Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD6St. Joseph's Regional Burn Center, Fort Wayne, IN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, Volume 23, Issue suppl_2, March-April 2002, Page S168, https://doi.org/10.1097/00004630-200203002-00247 Published: 01 March 2002

Lively Roots:How the Grand Rapids Public Library Found Its Footing in the Early Years Colleen Alles A few days before Christmas, on December 21, 2021, the Grand Rapids Public Library will celebrate a big birthday: its sesquicentennial—150 years of providing a library free to all. Few things can last a century and a half without being open to change. This public library, established in a city that, in the 1870s, was in some ways a rival to Detroit, survived in part due to the inclusion of one key idea: a willingness to grow—changing and adjusting its operations to fit whatever the community needed at the time, and in how it could best serve its patrons in the face of logistical constraints and realities.1 Founded in 1871, the Grand Rapids Public Library (GRPL) has been a beacon in a west Michigan city with its own rich history and place as the second largest city in the state. The idea for the GRPL began several years after the end of the Civil War, when members of the Grand Rapids Board of Education agreed to combine their book holdings with those of two other organizations—the Ladies Literary Association (known then as the Ladies Library Association) and the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA).2 A library committee hired the first librarian, Miss Frances Holcomb, at an annual salary of $500, and the library was born.3 The history of the GRPL involves a number of evolutions—everything from introducing the Dewey Decimal System and eschewing traditional card catalogs for online platforms, to streaming audiobooks directly to patrons' devices. Julie Tabberer, the current head of the GRPL History & Special Collections department, notes how "the things that [End Page 127] Click for larger view View full resolution An entry from the 1872-73 Grand Rapids city directory shows the first appearance of the Grand Rapids Public Library, humbly listed among residents and businesses in the "L" section. Source: J. D. Dillenback, ed., Godfrey's Annual City Directory of Grand Rapids, Mich, 1872-3 (Grand Rapids: Daily Eagle Steam Printing House, 1872), 157. we've provided access to have changed over the years, but [access is] a constant."4 The story of the GRPL as told through its branches makes it clear that above all—and despite many types of circumstances—the library has demonstrated a commitment to growing and changing along with its city. What began above a dry goods store downtown evolved into a large institution that serves thousands of patrons annually. The library piloted branches early in the twentieth century when the idea of branches was new. It embraced traveling branches and bookmobiles when budget concerns made operating hours tricky in the 1950s. Through two world wars, the Great Depression, pandemics, economic hardships, and tumultuous social change—hallmarks of the twentieth century—the GRPL opened new branches, closed branches when circumstances dictated, and, overall, ensured its citizens access to a free library, guaranteeing a legacy of inclusion that the city hopes will endure for years to come. Impermanent Spaces In the early years, the GRPL called several downtown spaces home, changing locations every few years. Those spots included a room above a dry goods store, space in the prominent Ledyard Building, and several rooms inside city hall. [End Page 128] Click for larger view View full resolution This was the first home of the Grand Rapids Public Library. The library was on the second floor of H. Leonard and Sons dry goods store, seen here as the second building from the left. Source: Collection 18, George E. Fitch Collection, box 3, folder 3, image 248, Grand Rapids Public Library History & Special Collections, Grand Rapids Public Library (hereafter GRPL). The population of Grand Rapids when the library opened its doors in 1871 was approximately 16,000. "Like other cities across the nation, Grand Rapids had a hodgepodge of libraries and book collections, but the system stood in unconnected pieces, awaiting the glue that would fit them together," noted former city historian Gordon L. Olson.5 Print books were, of course, in addition to being more precious than perhaps they are today, available via school libraries and through the Grand...

Experiments were carried out to determine nutrient management system for butterhead lettuce `Omega' and leaf lettuce `Grand Rapids' in nutrient film technique (NFT), and to develop a rapid and reliable program for recirculation solution. The effects of controlling solutions with UOSL (Leaf Lettuce solution of the Univ. of Seoul, Korea; NO3 -N 10.55, NH4 -N 1.02, P 2.0, K 6.7, Ca 3.5, Mg 2.0, SO4 -S 2.0 me·L-1; Fe 2.0, Cu 0.1, B 0.5, Mn 0.3, Zn 0.3, Mo 0.05 ppm) were studied by greenhouse with managing by distilled water (DW), managing pH and EC (CM), managing by nutrient solution analysis (MN), managing by nutrient solution with leaf analysis (ML). The CO2 assimilation, transpiration rate, relative chlorophyll contents, leaf color, fresh weight and dry weight were highest in MN control in the butterhead `Omega' and in MN and ML control in the leaf lettuces `Grand Rapids'. The highest relative growth rate (RGR) was in MN ML in the butterhead `Omega' but those wasn't in the leaf lettuce `Grand Rapids'. Calculation program of adjustable solution was based on the main works by Visual Basic 5.0. The developed program could select an automatic and passive process considering the type of fertilizers, run-off rate, nutrient concentration, and water volume, for calculation. All of them were done successfully by the fast and precise calculation program.

Drinking and driving were studied in 152 respondents in Greentown (pseudonym of a Middle Atlantic city, population 20,000) and 8014 automobile drivers in Grand Rapids, Mich. Both samples were compared to Census findings and the biases largely corrected. Previous studies of drinking and driving are reviewed. Drinking: The data are extensively tabulated and discussed. In Greentown, drinking, the quantity and frequency of drinking, and indicators of deviant drinking (drinking alone, drinking for the sake of intoxication, and "retaliatory" drinking) were related to sex, age, size of one's community of origin, religious affiliation, church attendance, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (education, occupation and income) and social mobility. In Grand Rapids, drinking, the quantity and frequency of drinking, problem drinking (weekly intoxication, monthly hangovers and problems caused by drinking) were related to similar social factors and, in addition, to marital status. More men (Greentown 84%, Grand Rapids 78%) than women (77 and 68%) were drinkers; men drank greater amounts more frequently; 12% of the Greentown men and 6% of the women were deviant drinkers; 7 to 10% of the Grand Rapids men, 2 to 4% of the women, were problem drinkers. Drinkers under 30 years of age drank greater amounts and more were problem drinkers; drinkers over 50 drank more frequently and more drank alone and for the sake of intoxication. More divorced and separated men and women were heavy frequent drinkers; 20% of the divorced and separated men (20% of the women) and 6% of the married men (2% of the women) were problem drinkers. The lowest proportion of drinkers was found among non-Whites (67% in Grand Rapids, 50% in Greentown), but they also had the highest proportion of problem (11%) and deviant (21%) drinkers. Jews (0), British, Dutch and Irish Protestants (3%) and Southern European Catholics (4%) had the lowest proportion of deviant drinkers. The proportion of drinkers was directly related to socioeconomic status, but deviant and problems drinkers were most frequent among the lower classes. Church attendance among Protestants, but not among Catholics, was inversely related to the proportion of drinkers and problem and deviant drinkers. Driving and Drinking: The data are extensively tabulated. In Greentown the percentage of drivers, of families with cars, of families in which teenagers or all adults drive and the percentage who report driving after drinking at leisure activities are related to the above social variables. In Grand Rapids the estimated annual mileage driven, the percentage who reported driving after drinking and under the influence of alcohol and the percentage with blood alcohol levels (bac) of 0.01% and over and 0.05% and over were related to the social variables. Both samples reported their attitudes toward driving after drinking. Higher estimates of the safe amount to drink before driving were reported by men than by women, by those aged 20 to 44, the divorced and separated, non-Whites, Catholics and the lower classes. Leisure activities: More driving after drinking was reported after "socializing" (by 39%) than after sports (26%), service activities (18%) , hobbies (14%) or entertainment (7%). Sex and age: More men (76%) than women (60%) and more persons aged under than over 40 years were drinkers and drivers and drove after drinking (men 51%, women 26%) ; those aged under 20 and over 60 were least likely to be drivers and drinkers; 37% of the Grand Rapids men and 7% of the women drove more than 15,000 miles annually. Marital status: In all age groups more divorced, separated and single respondents reported driving after drinking: in the age group 45 to 64 driving after drinking was reported by 58% of the divorced or separated men and 33% of the women, 56% of the single and 62% of the widowed men, compared with 37% of the married men, 9% of the women; positive bacs were found in fewer married (14%) than divorced or separated (26%) men and women. Religious affiliation and ethnicity: Jews (80%) were most likely to be drivers and drinkers, followed by Catholics (65%) and more "liberal" Protestants (68%); Protestants not of British or Dutch origin (47%) and northwest European Catholics (66% )—mainly Irish—were most likely to drive after drinking; Negroes were least likely to be drivers and drinkers (24%) but had the highest percentage (24) of those with positive bacs; more Catholics (15%) than white Protestants (11%) or Jews (8%) had positive bacs. Social class: In Greentown higher status was associated with a greater proportion of drivers and drinkers and drinking drivers; in Grand Rapids more blue-collar than white-collar respondents drove after drinking and more blue-collar respondents had positive bacs (17 vs 12%); respondents with higher incomes were less likely to drive while intoxicated, except in the lowest income group ($3000 or less) in which only 1% reported driving while intoxicated compared with 4% of those earning $15,000 or over and 8% of those earning $3–5000; the most significant differences were found in the lowest classes which owned the fewest cars and drank and drove the least. Church attendance was negatively related to driving after drinking among White Protestants, but not among Catholics or Negroes. Provenience: The size of one's community of origin was directly related to being a driver and drinker. It is concluded that ethnic and religious factors are important determinants in drinking and driving. The drinking and driving behavior of the lower classes are clearly distinguishable. The role of anomie, or alienation, in deviant behavior is discussed and the finding that more divorced or separated and single persons drive after drinking is related to the same finding in suicides.

Epileptic DisordersEarly View LETTER TO THE EDITOR Response to “Comment on: The ventral precuneal-posterior cingulate region as a site of epileptogenicity” Lee Elisevich, Lee Elisevich School of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USASearch for more papers by this authorKost Elisevich, Corresponding Author Kost Elisevich [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-7500 Department of Surgery, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Spectrum Health, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA Correspondence Kost Elisevich, Department of Surgery, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 15 Michigan St NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49302, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Lee Elisevich, Lee Elisevich School of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USASearch for more papers by this authorKost Elisevich, Corresponding Author Kost Elisevich [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-7500 Department of Surgery, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Spectrum Health, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA Correspondence Kost Elisevich, Department of Surgery, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 15 Michigan St NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49302, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 28 March 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/epd2.20056Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

Angewandte Chemie International Edition in EnglishVolume 6, Issue 6 p. 555-556 Communication Reaction of Benzyne with α-Methylstyrene† Dr. E. Wolthuis, Dr. E. Wolthuis Chemistry Department, Calvin College, 1331 Franklin Street, S.E. Grand Rapids, Michigan 49 506 (U.S.A.)Search for more papers by this authorW. Cady, Corresponding Author W. Cady Chemistry Department, Calvin College, 1331 Franklin Street, S.E. Grand Rapids, Michigan 49 506 (U.S.A.)Chemistry Department, Calvin College, 1331 Franklin Street, S.E. Grand Rapids, Michigan 49 506 (U.S.A.)Search for more papers by this author Dr. E. Wolthuis, Dr. E. Wolthuis Chemistry Department, Calvin College, 1331 Franklin Street, S.E. Grand Rapids, Michigan 49 506 (U.S.A.)Search for more papers by this authorW. Cady, Corresponding Author W. Cady Chemistry Department, Calvin College, 1331 Franklin Street, S.E. Grand Rapids, Michigan 49 506 (U.S.A.)Chemistry Department, Calvin College, 1331 Franklin Street, S.E. Grand Rapids, Michigan 49 506 (U.S.A.)Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1967 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.196705551Citations: 12 † Dedicated to Professor G. Wittig on the occasion of his 70th birthday AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume6, Issue6June 1967Pages 555-556 RelatedInformation