A Pragmatic Analysis of Muharikah’s Novel Sayang yang Tak Terungkap (2023)

In every place have some unwritten rules depend on the countries, beside people use a language, they use a politeness also. Politeness is important thing that people must know when they communicate with other people and make a polite conversation. Politeness strategies are used to formulate messages in order to save hearer’s face when face-threatening acts are invitable or desire. Brown and Levinson stated four main types of politeness strategies: bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record (indirect). In this study is intended to analyze politeness strategies that used by characters in “The Big Wedding Movie”.  There is a problem that is discussed in this study (1) what politeness strategies are used on “The Big Wedding Movie”? (2) why do characters in “The Big Wedding Movie” use politeness strategies?  This analysis focus on the politeness strategies that used by characters in the conversation of “The Big Wedding Movie”. The researcher applied the qualitative research and used descriptive methods in this study because all data are in the form of words. Meanwhile, the type of the research is content analysis because it intended to analyze the content of the data which are in the form of movie script to find the politeness stretegies. When analyze the data, the researcher used the theory of Brown and Levinson about politeness strategies. Based on the result of the analysis, it is found that there are eighty six utterances that use four politeness strategies. They are bald on-record with twenty nine utterances, positive politeness with thirty eight utterances, negative politeness with ten utterances, and off-record with twelve utterances. The most frequently used politeness is positive politeness, bald on-record, off-record, and the less frequently used is negative politeness. For supporting the study, the researcher needed source of the theories related to politeness strategies such as : bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record (indirect). From the findings, the researcher expected that the result of this study will useful for English learners to get the information from politeness strategies found in the movie of “The Big Wedding Movie”.

Politeness strategy is a technique used by someone to speak more courteously. Conversations in a daily life and arguments often use polite communication strategies. The 2024 presidential and vice-presidential debates are the debates that are interesting to investigate in this study. This study aims to characterize the politeness strategies employed by Ganjar Pranowo and Mahfud MD during the presidential and vice-presidential debates. This study employed the politeness strategies developed by Brown and Levinson (1978), which categorizes politeness strategies into four types: Off Record (OR), Bald-On Record (BOR), Positive Politeness (PP), and Negative Politeness (NP). The findings of this study show that in the presidential and vice-presidential debates, Ganjar Pranowo and Mahfud MD employ three different kinds of politeness strategies. The most prominent politeness strategy is Positive Politeness (56.5%). Other politeness strategies are Bald-On Record (30.4%) and Negative Politeness (13%). It can be concluded that Ganjar Pranowo and Mahfud MD mostly use Positive Politeness in delivering their speech for presidential and vice-presidential debates.

In conversations, people tend to speak politely to keep their interlocutors’ feelings so the conversation can be maintained in harmony. They follow several rules and principles that already exist in society. They apply politeness strategies so that the communication can run effectively. This study aims to discover the politeness strategies performed by the main characters of Pride and Prejudice movie and explain the pattern of different types of strategies used in the movie. The data were taken from the movie’s transcript as the primary source. A descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson. Based on the analysis, the politeness strategies were used by the main characters of Pride and Prejudice movie. The types of politeness strategies employed are bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategy. The most frequent strategy was positive politeness which occurred 98 times from 149 data. The patterns of politeness strategies applied are in declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences. All types of sentences contain bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategies. By using politeness strategies, people appreciate their interlocutors so that the conversation will be well-maintained. Besides, this study contributes to English language teaching in comprehending cross-cultural understanding (CCU) through the movie, especially in western culture.

The research discussed about politeness strategy used by male and female students in requesting on WhatsApp message. The aims of this study were: to find out the types of politeness strategy used by male and female students by using Brown and Levinson (1987) politeness theory, to find out the differences and reason of politeness strategy used by male and female students in requesting on WhatsApp. The descriptive qualitative method were used in this research, and the data were derived from the WhatsApp message script. The findings of the study showed that male students applied 3 politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987): bald-on record (21 sentences), positive politeness (8 sentences), negative politeness (3 sentences). The researcher also found that female students applied 4 politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987): bald-on record strategy (5 sentences), positive politeness (7 sentences), negative politeness (17 sentences), and off record (5 sentences). The significant difference in politeness strategies used by male and female students are that there is no off record strategy used by male students, they apply the bald-on record strategy more often, while female students are more varied in using of politeness strategies and mostly applied the negative politeness. The difference of male and female students politeness strategy in requesting on WhatsApp because each gender has own way in conveying their want. Male students were more direct when requesting to others, while female students were more indirect when requesting to others.

This research aims to find out the politeness strategies used by the participants for stating the disagreement and to disclose the stereotypes about women being more polite than men or not. The data source for this research was obtained from the disagreement statements performed by female and male participants in one of the Vice Debates’ episodes entitled Parents, Teachers & Students Debate the US Education System. The qualitative method was used to describe the differences in politeness strategies performed by women and men participants. This research found 37 politeness strategies used by all participants. Men participants produced 24 disagreement statements which contained 3 types of politeness strategies, which are bald-on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness. Positive politeness became the highest strategy used by men participants, it convinced the stereotype that men do not use an emotional approach when responding to the interlocutor is not necessarily true. On the contrary, female participants only delivered 13 disagreement statements but used all of the politeness strategies, which are bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record. Negative politeness became the highest type and it reassures women do not always use long-winded talk when stating the disagreement.

Awareness of the students in the pragmatics attached to language is crucial to communication success within classroom settings. Therefore, students might devise strategies to mitigate threats that can affect interlocutors’ engagement in communication. However, cultural and social factors can also influence how people communicate; hence, students from different backgrounds have nuances in the language used. This study is aimed at determining the politeness strategies utilized by Manobo students in their interaction in a classroom in a public school in Kidapawan City, Philippines. Using Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness strategy framework, the findings reveal that the politeness strategies used by Manobo students in the classroom with their Manobo and non-Manobo teachers were positive politeness, negative politeness, bald on-record, and off record. On the other hand, the politeness strategies among Manobo students were positive politeness, negative politeness, and bald-on record. Hence, the Manobo students have different politeness strategies depending on their relationship with the interlocutors in the classroom interaction. Politeness is relevant and essential in education, such as classroom teaching and learning practice. With a deeper understanding of its role in the academe, there could be more significant ways of improving the learning atmosphere.

This study investigates the implementation of politeness strategies within Facebook comment sections, guided by Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory (1987). As digital communication continues to thrive, Facebook serves as a prominent space where individuals from diverse backgrounds engage in conversations about social, political, and cultural issues. Using a descriptive qualitative method, this research examines how Indonesian users articulate their thoughts in response to controversial or debate-inducing public posts. The data comprise selected Facebook comments containing relevant opinions, emotional expressions, and language use. Employing pragmatic and discourse analysis, the research uncovers the presence of four politeness strategies: positive politeness, negative politeness, off-record, and bald on-record. These strategies represent various communication goals—from fostering solidarity to delivering critique. The analysis reveals that while many users strive to uphold politeness to maintain social balance, others opt for more straightforward or ironic expressions that defy conventional etiquette. Overall, this research underscores how language use in digital spaces mirrors broader cultural values, interpersonal dynamics, and user behavior, highlighting the importance of polite interaction in sustaining healthy online discourse.

Requests and refusals are well-acknowledged as challenging speech acts even when realized in native interactions owing to their intrinsic nature of being facethreatening. It is therefore conceivable that producing such social responses would be an arduous task for foreign language learners. Against this background, the present study set out with an aim to examine the politeness in the production of and perception of requests and refusals by six secondary-level EFL learners in Hong Kong under different degrees of social distance and social status, with prospective English teachers and native speakers as the control group. A discourse-completion task and a survey served as the instruments to elicit quantitative data. Results were analyzed with reference to Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory, which proposes four types of politeness strategies, namely bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness and off-record strategy. Findings suggested that intermediate learners had an overuse of direct strategy to threaten both positive and negative face of interlocutors, while advanced learners were reported to be too conventionally indirect in general. Plausible explanation was the insufficient coverage of certain topics at schools. The paper hence demands educational adjustment in relevant aspects to improve learners’ pragmatic performance.

This paper addresses the issue of linguistic realization of politeness strategies in the American talk-show: Piers Morgan Live. The analysis of the data has been carried out within the politeness framework suggested by Brown and Levinson. The corpus data analyzed includes fifteen interviews selected from Piers Morgan Live, CNN. The analysis involves chosen interview extracts which contain verbal exchanges in which positive and negative politeness strategies are deployed. On the basis of the analyzed interviews, the study strives to examine the communicative behavior of Piers Morgan as an interviewer. Having justified why a politeness framework is needed, we explore the notions of politeness, face and FTAs; in addition, we consider whether the politeness strategies identified in Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory can be found in another discourse type, namely the talk show discourse type. Firstly, we will offer an analysis of the linguistic realization of positive politeness and then an analysis of negative politeness strategies. Hence, the analysis reveals that politeness theory seems to be relevant for the study of communicative behavior of the interviewer in the discourse of television interviews. Although both the strategies of positive and negative politeness are deployed in Piers Morgan’s communicative behavior, positive politeness strategies seem to prevail in the communicative behavior of the interviewer. Consequently, it seems reasonable to assume that the strategies of positive politeness which are used contribute to (a) closing the social distance between interlocutors; (b) putting the interviewees at ease by creating a friendly atmosphere to allow them to ‘open up’. Moreover, more than one strategy is realized within each utterance. More importantly, we tend to believe that the strategies, deployed in the communicative behavior of the interviewer, are all strategic to Piers Morgan’s extralinguistic goal of having a good interview. Keywords: politeness theory; face; positive face; negative face; FTA; positive politeness; negative politeness; positive politeness strategies; negative politeness strategies.

This study analyzes the politeness strategies employed by Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi during her speeches at the 78th United Nations General Debate. The research employs a qualitative method for data collection, utilizing speech transcripts as primary data sources. Data analysis is conducted through thematic analysis, identifying and categorizing the politeness strategies based on Brown and Levinson's politeness theory. To ensure data validity, triangulation is applied by cross-referencing the findings with expert opinions in the field of diplomatic communication. The research identifies four primary strategies: Positive Politeness, Bald-On Record, Negative Politeness, and Off-Record. Each strategy serves distinct contexts and purposes, reflecting the minister's diplomatic approach. The findings reveal that Retno Marsudi effectively utilizes these strategies to convey significant messages while considering factors such as social distance, ranking of imposition, and power dynamics in international relations. Notably, the study highlights the predominant use of Positive Politeness Strategy, which fosters solidarity and cooperation among nations. The implications of this research suggest that understanding politeness strategies can enhance diplomatic communication and foster better international relations, emphasizing the importance of cultural sensitivity in global discourse.

This study explores politeness strategies in conversations about transgender perspectives, using Brown and Levinson's (1987) framework. The research employed a qualitative method, analyzing recorded conversations between male and female participants discussing transgender issues from social and religious perspectives. The analysis identifies four main strategies: positive politeness, negative politeness, bald-on record, and off-record. Positive politeness was the most frequently used strategy, with male speakers employing it 14 times and female speakers 7 times, primarily through agreement, repetition, and joking. Negative politeness strategies appeared 10 times, equally distributed between genders, using indirectness and questions. Bald-on record strategies were used 14 times, mostly by female speakers, indicating their tendency for direct communication. The off-record strategy was minimally used, occurring only once by a male speaker. The study finds that participants' close relationships and shared knowledge facilitated the frequent use of positive politeness and bald-on record strategies. Notably, male speakers were more polite, often using positive politeness, while female speakers were more direct and explicit, especially on sensitive topics. This research highlights the influence of social dynamics and cultural norms on politeness strategies in discussions about transgender issues.

A B S T R A C T This study aims to examine the implementation of politeness strategies by four Balinese individuals working in the tourism sector while communicating with Australian and English tourists in Canggu, Bali. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through non-participant observation. Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness is utilized to analyze and categorize the data. The findings reveal that the communication between the Balinese and the tourists involves four politeness strategies: bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record. Among these, positive politeness and off-record strategies are the most frequently employed by the Balinese speakers. These strategies are primarily influenced by the tourists' roles as guests and customers, prompting the Balinese speakers to use direct yet polite and friendly language to satisfy the tourists. Results shows that that the objective of the Balinese as a speaker employing the politeness approach is to please the listener's face and reach a better and more relevant discourse.

This research aimed to find out the politeness strategies used in Yes Day (2021) movie. The research used descriptive qualitative method. The source of data was the Yes Day movie that focused on the script of movie. The data were all of the requesting utterances that uttered by all of the characters of Yes Day movie. The data were analysed using Brown and Levinson (1987) politeness theory. The researcher found four types of politeness strategies; they are bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, off record strategy, and no don’t do the FTA. The result of the research showed that bald on-record was the most appeared strategy in Yes Day movie. Meanwhile, off record strategy was the least used strategy in Yes Day movie.

Pragmatics deals with language use in the context that relates to the speech acts' meaning. Politeness strategies and politeness principles, as the manifestation of pragmatics, are two determining communication factors of both speaker and hearer. This qualitative study was intended to analyze the politeness strategies used by the main character Mulan and her family. The data were collected using the observation checklist adapted from Brown and Levinson (1987) framework for politeness strategies. The findings showed that all of Brown and Levinson’s strategies were found in Mulan’s and the other characters’ utterances in the movie. The most frequently used strategy was positive politeness, which was found to occur four times in the movie. Bald-on record and negative politeness were the second most used strategies in the movie with three occurrences each. While off-record and don’t do FTA occurred twice and once, respectively. The result of the pragmatic analysis showed that the use of politeness strategies in Mulan movie was influenced and determined by the characters’ cultural background.

This study investigates the politeness strategies employed by the main characters in The Garfield Movie from a pragmatic perspective, using Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory as the analytical framework. By analyzing selected dialogues, the research identifies four main types of politeness strategies: bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record strategies. The findings reveal that positive politeness strategies are predominantly used to maintain social harmony and express friendliness, while bald on record strategies reflect the characters’ directness and humor. Negative politeness strategies appear less frequently, mainly to mitigate impositions and show respect, and off-record strategies serve to convey subtlety and indirectness, often adding comedic effect. The study highlights how these strategies align with the characters’ personalities and relationships, contributing to effective communication and audience engagement. The implications of this research extend to pragmatic theory, language teaching, media scriptwriting, and intercultural communication, emphasizing the value of media texts as authentic sources for pragmatic learning and analysis.