Abstract
Simple SummaryCallosobruchus chinensis, a stored product pest, is difficult to control. In the study, the goal was to explore the causes of the demographic history, dispersal path and genetic variations underlying the spatial and temporal distribution of C. chinensis in China. The phylogeography of C. chinensis was analyzed by distribution modelling (SDM) under six periods and the least-cost path (LCP) based on combined mitochondrial DNA. Our data showed that the geographical isolation of the genetic lineages and the distribution range of C. chinensis were restricted by climate in different times. The landscape structure had influence on the genetic differentiation of C. chinensis. Although the migration ability of C. chinensis is limited, the development of transportation and trade is helping the insect spread, along with the beans of its host.Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera Bruchidae), is a pest of different varieties of legumes. In this paper, a phylogeographical analysis of C. chinensis was conducted to provide knowledge for the prevention and control of C. chinensis. A total of 224 concatenated mitochondrial sequences were obtained from 273 individuals. Suitable habitat shifts were predicted by the distribution modelling (SDM). Phylogeny, genetic structure and population demographic history were analyzed using multiple software. Finally, the least-cost path (LCP) method was used to identify possible dispersal corridors and genetic connectivity. The SDM results suggested that the distribution of C. chinensis experienced expansion and contraction with changing climate. Spatial distribution of mtDNA haplotypes showed there was partial continuity among different geographical populations of C. chinensis, except for the Hohhot (Inner Mongolia) population. Bayesian skyline plots showed that the population had a recent expansion during 0.0125 Ma and 0.025 Ma. The expansion and divergent events were traced back to Quaternary glaciations. The LCP method confirmed that there were no clear dispersal routes. Our findings indicated that climatic cycles of the Pleistocene glaciations, unsuitable climate and geographic isolation played important roles in the genetic differentiation of C. chinensis. Human activities weaken the genetic differentiation between populations. With the change in climate, the suitable areas of C. chinensis will disperse greatly in the future.
Highlights
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Phylogeography is the study of the evolutionary history of species, explaining the present and past distribution patterns of species [1,2,3]
The distribution of C. chinensis was mainly in the southeast of China under LIG scenario; these showed a significant reduction under the last glacial maximum (LGM) scenario
C. chinensis beetles werebeetles analyzed foranalyzed their patterns based on graphic sitesThese in China
Summary
Phylogeography is the study of the evolutionary history of species, explaining the present and past distribution patterns of species [1,2,3]. Geographic isolation, and human activities are factors that have become increasingly implicated in the genetic structure and population demographic history of multiple species [3,4,5,6]. Geographic isolation is essential for the genetic structure of populations. A population may be physically separated when its original habitat becomes divided by natural barriers published maps and institutional affil-. These barriers prevent gene flow and result in the genetic differentiation of isolated subpopulations [7,8]. Some studies have demonstrated the importance of this in the phylogeography of various species.
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