Abstract
A new green and sustainable extraction technique, namely osmosis extraction (OE), was developed for efficient extracting flavonoids from Folium nelumbinis by changing the osmotic pressure. The antioxidant activities of the extracted flavonoids were also evaluated. Ethanol and ammonium sulfate were selected for the OE system because they are environmentally friendly. The maximum flavonoids concentration in the top phase was obtained with an ethanol volume fraction of 42.0% and the salt mass of 1.9 g. The kinetic behavior of the extraction process showed that OE had higher efficiencies especially coupled with ultrasonication due to the accompanying and serious morphological changes of Folium nelumbinis cells observed by digital microscope and nano-computed tomography (nano-CT). Results of morphological and anatomical features showed that the higher intracellular chemical potential made the cell expand and even led to bursting. The results also showed that the extraction efficiency of flavonoids with high antioxidant activities was higher than that of the traditional method. The interface effect enhanced the extraction during the salting-out extraction and osmosis was the main factor that improved the extraction efficiency.
Highlights
A new green and sustainable extraction technique, namely osmosis extraction (OE), was first developed based on salting-out extraction (SOE)
As far as we know, the SOE technique has usually been used to deal with liquid materials and few reports have involved the extraction of solid materials
Figure of different batch of flavonoids from Folium nelumbinis obtained by the Chromatograms of different batch of flavonoids from Folium nelumbinis obtained
Summary
A new green and sustainable extraction technique, namely osmosis extraction (OE), was first developed based on salting-out extraction (SOE). SOE techniques have been applied to extract active components such as flavonoids [3,4], alkaloids [5], phenolic compounds [6], polysaccharides [7], lignans [8], phenylethanoid glycosides [9], ginsenosides [10,11], and succinic acid [12] from biological resources. As far as we know, the SOE technique has usually been used to deal with liquid materials and few reports have involved the extraction of solid materials. As a common vegetable, is an important medicinal plant Lotus leaves and their extracts have been developed into various food supplements due to their important biological activities such as anti-oxidant [16], anti-osteoporosis [17], Materials 2020, 13, 4192; doi:10.3390/ma13184192 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials
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