Abstract
Chlorophene is an important antimicrobial agent present in disinfectant products which has been related to health and environmental effects, and its detection has been limited to chromatographic techniques. Thus, there is a lack of research that attempts to develop new analytical tools, such as biosensors, that address the detection of this emerging pollutant. Therefore, a new biosensor for the direct detection of chlorophene in real water is presented, based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and using a laccase enzyme as a recognition element. The biosensor chip was obtained by covalent immobilization of the laccase on a gold-coated surface through carbodiimide esters. The analytical parameters accomplished resulted in a limit of detection and quantification of 0.33 mg/L and 1.10 mg/L, respectively, fulfilling the concentrations that have already been detected in environmental samples. During the natural river’s measurements, no significant matrix effects were observed, obtaining a recovery percentage of 109.21% ± 7.08, which suggested that the method was suitable for the fast and straightforward analysis of this contaminant. Finally, the SPR measurements were validated with an HPLC method, which demonstrated no significant difference in terms of precision and accuracy, leading to the conclusion that the biosensor reflects its potential as an alternative analytical tool for the monitoring of chlorophene in aquatic environments.
Highlights
Emerging pollutants are persistent chemicals in the environment, classified as pharmaceutical compounds or their metabolites
After 12 h of incubation, the binding alkanethiols were activated through the EDC/NHS cross-linkers, forming an amide bond that attached to the laccase enzymes
This work established the use of a homemade surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor based on using laccase enzymes as a bioreceptor for the real-time detection of the hazardous antimicrobial chlorophene in real waters
Summary
Emerging pollutants are persistent chemicals in the environment, classified as pharmaceutical compounds or their metabolites (human and veterinary drugs) These include personal care products (e.g., disinfectants, fragrances, insect repellents, cosmetics and sunscreens) and endocrine disrupting compounds (e.g., bisphenol A, triclosan and pesticides) [1]. Halogenated phenolic compounds comprise the vast majority of the active ingredients employed in the manufacture of personal care products [2]. In this sense, chlorophene (4-chloro-2-(phenylmethyl)phenol) is an antimicrobial agent widely applied in disinfectants for cleaning activities and for farming, industrial and household environments [3,4], as well as preservatives in cosmetics and wood [5]. 50 mg/L was quantified in activated sludge sewage, and 10 μg/L was quantified in treatment plant effluent [9]
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