A New Technique for Assy of Oxygen-18 in Sulfur Dioxide.

Bandar Lampung City is the centre of the economy, services and trade in Lampung Province so that a healthy city environment needs to be kept clean and comfortable to support people's lives in carrying out daily activities. One factor that affects the cleanliness and comfort of the city of Bandar Lampung is the condition of air quality in the city of Bandar Lampung. The number of vehicles and industrial factories in the city of Bandar Lampung has become a major factor affecting air quality, such as the increase in harmful pollutant gases such as carbon monoxide gas (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), dust (PM10), nitrogen dioxide gas (NO2) and sulfur dioxide gas (SO2).Pollutant gas monitoring is one of the solutions in creating good air quality for the community. One of them is by utilizing information and communication technology. One of the utiliparameterion of information and communication technology in air quality monitoring is to use Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). WSN technology, which is the technology used to distribute and acquire data that is monitored and controlled centrally. This research builds an air pollution monitoring system in Bandar Lamping City by utilizing WSN and GSM technology for wireless data transmission to server applications. The results of this study are air pollution monitoring systems running well by displaying the outputs of sensor node acquisition based on the parameters of carbon monoxide (CO), dust (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gases. The results of the calculation of the average overall sensor nodes for each parameter are 49 μg / m3 for PM10 substances, 34 μg / m3 for SO2 substances, 24 μg / m3 for NO2 substances, and 25 μg / m3 for CO substances. Based on the ISPU index and category, the results are in a good category. This means that the condition of air quality in the city of Bandar Lampung in the good category.

The Chemistry and Technology of the Pretreatment and Preservation of Fruit and Vegetable Products with Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfites

ABSTRACTA novel personal sampler was designed to measure inorganic acid mists and gases for determining human exposure levels to these acids in workplaces. This sampler consists of (1) a parallel impactor for classifying aerosol by size following the ISO/CEN/ACGIH defined human thoracic fraction, (2) a cellulose filter to collect the residual acid mist but allowing penetration of sulfur dioxide gas, and (3) an accordion-shaped porous membrane denuder (aPMD) for adsorbing the penetrating sulfur dioxide gas. Acid-resistant PTFE was chosen as the housing material to minimize sampling interference.To test the performance of the parallel impactor, monodisperse aerosol was created by a vibrating orifice aerosol generator. The results showed that the penetration curve of the impactor run at 2 LPM flow rate agreed well with the defined thoracic fraction. Almost all sampling biases were within 10% for particle size distributions with MMAD between 1–25 µm and GSD between 1.75–4, which meets the criteria of the EN 13205 standard. To evaluate the performance of the aPMDs, sulfur dioxide gas was sourced directly from a cylinder. The aPMDs maintained a gas collection efficiency greater than 95% for 4 hr when sampling 8.6 ppm of sulfur dioxide gas. While the aPMD had similar performance to the commonly adopted annular or honeycomb denuders made of glass, this shatterproof aPMD is only half of the volume and 1/25th the weight of the honeycomb denuder. Testing of the entire sampler with a mixture of sulfuric acid mist and sulfur dioxide gas showed the system could sample both with negligible interference. All the test results illustrate that the new sampler, which is flat, lightweight, and portable, is suitable for personal use and is capable of a more accurate assessment of human exposure to inorganic acid mist and SO2 gas.

Chapter 20 - Sulfur Dioxide Capture in Sulfuric Acid and Other Products

The judicious use of sulfur dioxide (SO2) will inhibit the growth of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) present on the grape skins as the berries come from the vineyard. Its early use presumes the vintner has decided that the adventitious wild yeasts which might be destroyed or inhibited by sulfur dioxide will not contribute to the vintage. It appears that Saccharomyces cerevisiae might be less susceptible to the action of sulfur dioxide than other yeasts that may be present. So, if the particular strain of S. cerevisiae used can cope, it may be able to function unimpeded. Regardless, sulfur dioxide might still be used because, in addition to suppression of deleterious microorganisms, it appears to reduce oxidation of particularly fragile white wine components. In industrial settings, both gaseous sulfur dioxide and sulfur dioxide as a liquefied gas (boiling point – 10 °C [14 °F]) are used. In either form it is a dangerous tool. It is dangerous first because it is toxic and second because an excess of it will ruin the wine. In many cases, because its value is recognized as beneficial, sulfur dioxide is replaced by addition of either sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) or potassium metabisulfite (K2S2O5) with the latter generally preferred. Indeed, while it is best to look at the MSDS. (Manufacturer’s Safety Data Sheet) before use, the solubility of the two salts is the same and given as 450 grams/ liter (g/ L) at 68 °F (20 °C) and the pH on dissolution as between 3.5 and 4.5. The potassium (K) salt appears, at this writing, to be more readily available in food quality (as opposed to chemical quality) grade. So, with regard to sulfur dioxide (SO2), and as shown in Figure 17.1, its structure is much more similar to water and to ozone than it is to carbon dioxide (CO2); sulfur lies beneath oxygen (O2) in the periodic table (silicon, Si, lies beneath carbon). Nonetheless, sulfur dioxide (SO2) reacts with water much the same way that carbon dioxide (CO2) does.

Laboratory measurements of the microwave opacity of sulfur dioxide and other cloud-related gases under simulated conditions for the middle atmosphere of Venus

The 1982 eruptions of the El Chichon volcano injected large quantities of sulfur dioxide gas and silicate ash into the stratosphere. Several studies have shown that the long-lived sulfuric acid aerosols derived from these volcanic effluents produced measurable changes in the radiative heating rates and the global circulation. The radiative and dynamical perturbations associated with the short-lived but more strongly absorbing sulfur dioxide and ash clouds have received much 1ess attention. The authors therefore used an atmospheric radiative transfer model and observations collected by satellites, aircraft, and ground-based observers to estimate the amplitudes of the stratospheric radiative heating rate perturbations produced by each of these components during the first few weeks after the El Chichon eruption. One week after the 4 April 1982 eruption, net radiative heating rate perturbations exceeding 20 K per day were found at altitudes near 26 km. The absorption of sunlight by the silicate ash accounts for the majority of this heating. The sulfur dioxide gas and sulfuric acid aerosols each produced net heating perturbations that never exceeded 3 K per day. In spite of the intense heating by the ash, observations indicate that stratospheric temperatures never increased by more than a few degrees Kelvin. The authors therefore concluded that this radiative heating was largely balanced by upwelling and adiabatic cooling. The amplitude and spatial extent of this upwelling was estimated with a diagnostic, two-dimensional dynamical model. The ash heating rates may have been balanced by a global enhancement in the stratospheric meridional circulation, with zonally averaged upward velocities of about 1 cm sec^(−1) near the latitude of the plume. This enhanced stratospheric circulation persisted only for a few weeks but it may have played a major role in the vertical and horizontal dispersal of the plume. The vertical transport needed to balance the heating by sulfur dioxide gas was only 5%–10% as large, but this perturbation may have produced a 2-km increase in the altitude of the plume. These results suggest that the radiative forcing by the ash and the sulfur dioxide gas should be included in more comprehensive models of the plume evolution. They also suggest that particle size distributions inferred from ash fallout rates could be wrong if the upwelling associated with this radiative heating is not considered.

The appearance of sheet‐steel enamels fired in atmopheres of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and Urbana city gas has been determined. A study of the effect of variations in the composition of sheet‐steel ground coats and sheet‐steel cover coats on their resistance to attack by sulphur gases has been made. Plans for future work on the problem are outlined.

The authors describe a cataluminescence (CTL) based sensing method via signals generated at the surface of In3LaTi2O10 nanoparticles for simultaneous determination of trimethylamine, formaldehyde and benzene in air. The analytical wavelengths are 340 nm, 440 nm and 600 nm, and the best surface temperature of the catalytic material is 275 °C. The limits of detection of this method are 0.3 mg⋅m−3 for trimethylamine, 0.07 mg⋅m−3 for formaldehyde, and 0.2 mg⋅m−3 for benzene. The linear ranges of CTL intensity versus gas/vapor concentration are from 1.0 to 65.1 mg⋅m−3 for trimethylamine, from 0.2 to 72.5 mg⋅m−3 for formaldehyde, and from 0.5 to 77.5 mg⋅m−3 for benzene. The recoveries after testing 10 standard samples ranged from 98.1% to 102.6% for trimethylamine, from 98.1% to 102.6% for formaldehyde, and from 97.7% to 103.8% for benzene. Gaseous ammonia, acetaldehyde, toluene, ethylbenzene, ethanol, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide do not interfere. The relative deviation of the CTL signals after 200 h of continuous detection of trimethylamine, formaldehyde and benzene is <3%.

The essence of the research is to evaluate how the emission concentrations are influenced by structural elements of combustion chambers, such as the inner walls of combustion chambers, as well as the position of the secondary air channel. For purposes of this research the most common type of combustion chamber structure was selected – combustion chamber of primary and secondary air channel system. A wide variety of gaseous compounds (such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen dioxides (NO x ), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF), formaldehyde (HCHO), methane (CH 4 ) and other unburned hydrocarbons (C x H y )) was measured using an FTIR spectrometer. Other subjects measures obtained were particulate matter (PM ) , temperature inside the combustion chamber, smoke flue draught, etc., including chemical composition of the fuel. It was determined, that the burnout quality of the combustion chamber was influenced both by combustion chamber walls of different thermal conductivity and by position of the secondary air intake. It was determined, that use of vermiculite of lower thermal conductivity (V1) reduced the CO concentration by approximately 30 %, and the general concentration of all volatile organic compounds ( C x H y ) was reduced by half, also resulting in increase of temperature inside the combustion chamber by 33 °C and a 25 % increase of nitrogen oxides (NO x ). It was also determined that the height ratio of the combustion chamber and the secondary air intake of 2.3 (X/H2) is the most suitable position for the secondary air intake. This position ensures a carbon monoxide (CO) concentration is 25 % lower than in other positions, and the concentration of all volatile organic compounds ( C x H y ) is 34 % lower than at height ration of 2.7 (X/H1), and even 44 % lower than at height ratio of 2. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.23.1.13960

Acid gas is a type of natural gas or any other gas mixture that contains significant quantities of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen halides, or similar acidic gases. Acid gases form acidic solutions when dissolved in water. A major cause of acid rain is emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Acid rain refers to a mixture of wet and dry precipitation from the atmosphere that contains more than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. In this study, the data of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) as total precipitation (Tp), as well as the Vertical Column amount of SO2 from the Giovanni Center were adopted. The purpose of the research was to find the relationship between rain and sulfur dioxide in Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra cities for the period (2003-2016). The study was carried out for monthly and annual (or yearly) data variations. To find the correlation strengths of the relationship between Total precipitation (Tp) and sulfur dioxide, the correlation coefficients of Spearman’s rho test (rs) were used. It was found that the relationship between (Tp Vs. CO2) and (Tp Vs. SO2) for Mosul station was inverse and positive, with a value of 0.7 that’s due to sulfur water eyes. Also, CO2 was found throughout all months but with different ratios, where the highest concentration was in 2016 in all the stations.

Coal mining is attached great importance by society as a key profession of environmental pollution. The monitor and protection of coal-mine environment is a developing profession in China. The sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and other waste gases, which are put out by the spontaneous combustion or weathering of gangue are an important pollution resource of atmosphere. The stack of gangue held down many farmlands. Smoke, coal dust and powder coal ash pollute the environment of mining area and surroundings though the affection of monsoon. The pH value of water which coal mine drained off is low, and the drinking, farming and animal husbandry water where it flowed are affected. The surface subsidence which mining caused is a typical destruction of ground environment. The people pay attention to remote sensing as a method of rapidly, cheaply regional environment investigation. The paper tires making an appraisement of mining area environment monitor by many kind methods of remote sensing from the characteristic of mining area environment.

This document describes a model for condensation of sulfuric acid aerosol given an initial concentration and/or source of gaseous sulfur trioxide (e.g. fuming from oleum). The model includes the thermochemical effects on aerosol condensation and air parcel buoyancy. Condensation is assumed to occur heterogeneously onto a preexisting background aerosol distribution. The model development is both a revisiting of research initially presented at the Fall 2001 American Geophysical Union Meeting [1] and a further extension to provide new capabilities for current atmospheric dispersion modeling efforts [2]. Sulfuric acid is one of the most widely used of all industrial chemicals. In 1992, world consumption of sulfuric acid was 145 million metric tons, with 42.4 Mt (mega-tons) consumed in the United States [10]. In 2001, of 37.5 Mt consumed in the U.S., 74% went into producing phosphate fertilizers [11]. Another significant use is in mining industries. Lawuyi and Fingas [7] estimate that, in 1996, 68% of use was for fertilizers and 5.8% was for mining. They note that H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} use has been and should continue to be very stable. In the United States, the elimination of MTBE (methyl tertiary-butyl ether) and the use of ethanol for gasoline production are further increasingmore » the demand for petroleum alkylate. Alkylate producers have a choice of either a hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric acid process. Both processes are widely used today. Concerns, however, over the safety or potential regulation of hydrofluoric acid are likely to result in most of the growth being for the sulfuric acid process, further increasing demand [11]. The implication of sulfuric acid being a pervasive industrial chemical is that transport is also pervasive. Often, this is in the form of oleum tankers, having around 30% free sulfur trioxide. Although sulfuric acid itself is not a volatile substance, fuming sulfuric acid (referred to as oleum) is [7], the volatile product being sulfur trioxide. Sulfate aerosols and mist may form in the atmosphere on tank rupture. From chemical spill data from 1990-1996, Lawuyi02 and Fingas [7] prioritize sulfuric acid as sixth most serious. During this period, they note 155 spills totaling 13 Mt, out of a supply volume of 3700 Mt. Lawuyi and Fingas [7] summarize information on three major sulfuric acid spills. On 12 February 1984, 93 tons of sulfuric acid were spilled when 14 railroad cars derailed near MacTier, Parry Sound, Ontario. On 13 December 1978, 51 railroad cars derailed near Springhill, Nova Scotia. One car, containing 93% sulfuric acid, ruptured, spilling nearly its entire contents. In July 1993, 20 to 50 tons of fuming sulfuric acid spilled at the General Chemical Corp. plant in Richmond, California, a major industrial center near San Francisco. The release occurred when oleum was being loaded into a nonfuming acid railroad tank car that contained only a rupture disk as a safety device. The tank car was overheated and this rupture disk blew. The resulting cloud of sulfuric acid drifted northeast with prevailing winds over a number of populated areas. More than 3,000 people subsequently sought medical attention for burning eyes, coughing, headaches, and nausea. Almost all were treated and released on the day of the spill. By the day after the release, another 5,000 people had sought medical attention. The spill forced the closure of five freeways in the region as well as some Bay Area Rapid Transit System stations. Apart from corrosive toxicity, there is the additional hazard that the reactions of sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid vapors with water are extremely exothermic [10, 11]. While the vapors are intrinsically denser than air, there is thus the likelihood of strong, warming-induced buoyancy from reactions with ambient water vapor, water-containing aerosol droplets, and wet environmental surface. Nordin [12] relates just such an occurrence following the Richmond, CA spill, with the plume observed to rise to 300 m. For all practical purposes, sulfur trioxide was the constituent released from the heated tank car. The behavior of the resulting plume suggested that initially sulfur trioxide behaved as a dense gas, but the chemical reacted with air humidity, producing sulfuric acid and heat. The heat caused the plume to rise. Eventually the plume cooled, resulting in sulfuric acid descending towards people on the ground. This kind of behavior is not accounted for in the popular gas dispersion models. In the presence of complex terrain, such heat induced buoyancy could enable a sulfur trioxide cloud to leap local drainage boundaries with a single bound. Unless there were insufficient water/humidity to fully react with the SO{sub 3} and H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} on the first ascent, no secondary bounds would be expected, the cloud then behaving as a heavy tracer until sufficiently diluted.« less

MR. J. B. S. HALDANE'S interesting letter on the above (NATURE, Mar. 5) reminds me that in 18861 made experiments on the influence of carbon monoxide, as well as of other gases (carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, sulphur dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide), on the vitality of three specific micro-organisms, namely, Bacillus pyocyaneus, Finkler's spirillum, and Koch's spirillum of Asiatic cholera. The results were published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society (vol. 45, pp. 292–301), but a brief reference to them may not be out of place now, inasmuch as they bear on this matter of the toxicity of gases.

A study of gaseous sulfur dioxide detection in air by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS) is reported. Plasmas were formed in the sulfur dioxide gas, and three lines of sulfur at 560.61nm, 567.77nm and 565.99nm were observed. We found that the most appropriate experimental conditions for LIBS detection on sulfur dioxide gas are: Laser Pulse Energy =100mJ, Gate Time Delay = 2us. A further study was made in detecting sulfur dioxide gas of different concentrations by LIBS. Finally we calculated the detection limit of sulfur dioxide gas is 330ppm.