A new species of the family Bithyniidae (Gastropoda: Littorinimorpha) from Russia, with re-marks on some genera of this family

Occurrence and genetic variability of Kemerovo virus in Ixodes ticks from different regions of Western Siberia, Russia and Kazakhstan

Одним из маркеров происходящих климатических изменений является эволюция режима облачности как над отдельно взятыми регионами, так и всей планетой в целом. В рамках этого направления представлены результаты оценки многолетней изменчивости структуры многослойной облачности оптической толщиной менее 15 над Западной и Восточной Сибирью в летний и зимний сезоны 2006-2023 гг. в дневное время суток по данным лидара CALIOP (спутник CALIPSO). Методика анализа основана на использовании результатов классификации облачности по ежедневным данным лидара CALIOP, вычислении сезонных значений повторяемости каждой комбинации типов облаков в многослойной структуре, построении временных рядов, определении трендов и оценке их характеристик. Установлено, что доля облаков с различным числом слоев над обоими регионами за рассматриваемый период существенно не изменилась. В Западной Сибири доля двухслойных облаков составляет 68% летом и 71% зимой, а в Восточной Сибири - 71 и 75% соответственно. Доля трехслойных облаков в Западной Сибири достигает 27% летом и 25% зимой, а в Восточной - 26% и 23%. Доли четырех- и пятислойных облаков в обоих регионах совместно не превышают 5% и практически одинаковы в оба сезона. Определены наиболее часто повторяющиеся комбинации разновидностей облаков в многослойной облачности над Западной и Восточной Сибирью. Представлены оценки линейных трендов изменения доли наиболее распространенных сочетаний в многослойной облачности за рассматриваемый период. Полученные результаты могут способствовать повышению точности климатических моделей и улучшению оценок радиационного переноса. One of the indicators of ongoing climate change is the evolution of cloud regimes, both in individual regions and globally. Within this framework, the long-term variability in the structure of multilayered clouds with an optical thickness of less than 15 over Western and Eastern Siberia during the summer and winter seasons from 2006 to 2023 in daytime conditions is estimated based on CALIOP lidar data (CALIPSO satellite). Multilayering refers to the presence of clouds in several levels at the same time located under each other with gaps between them. The applied methodology is based on the use of cloud classification results from daily CALIOP lidar measurements, calculation of seasonal recurrence values for each combination of cloud types in multilayer structure, deriving time series, determining trends, and evaluating their parameters. It was found that the fractions of clouds with different numbers of layers over both regions did not significantly change during the period under study. In Western Siberia, the proportion of double-layer clouds is 68% in summer and 71% in winter, while in Eastern Siberia, 71 and 75%, respectively. The fraction of three-layer clouds reaches 27% in summer and 25% in winter in Western Siberia and 26% and 23% in Eastern Siberia. The fractions of four- and five-layer clouds do not exceed 5% in both regions together and are almost the same in the two seasons. The most frequent combinations in the multilayer clouds over Western and Eastern Siberia were determined. Estimates of linear trends in the fraction of the most frequent variations in multilayer clouds over the period under study are presented. The results can contribute to improving the accuracy of climate models and radiative transfer estimates.

The global and local climate changes determine the producing of highly-adaptive common (bread) wheat commercial cultivars of a new generation whose optimal earliness matches the climatic features of the territory where the cultivars are farmed. Principal component analysis involving our own and published data has been applied to investigate 98 commercial common wheat cultivars from Western and Eastern Siberia comparing their morphotypes; cultivar zoning time; length of the vegetation period; 1000-grain weight, and inheritance of spring growth habit. It demonstrated that the dominant Vrn gene polymorphism determining the spring growth habit of the Siberian cultivars was minimally polymorphic. In 75 % of the tested cultivars, the spring growth habit was controlled by digenic, namely dominant Vrn-A1 and Vrn-B1 genes. In 25 % of them (24 cultivars), spring growth habit is controlled by a single gene. In 19 and 5 of these cultivars spring growth habit is controlled by only one dominant gene, Vrn-B1 or Vrn-A1, respectively. In cv. Tulun 15, a trigenic control was identified. A conclusion about the optimality of the digenic control for the climatic conditions of both Western and Eastern Siberia has been confirmed. However, since none of the tested cultivars had the dominant Vrn-D1 gene typical of the regions of China and Central Asia bordering Siberia, it can be considered as an additional argument in favor of the European origin of Siberian common wheat cultivars. The revealed high frequency of the Vrn-B1c allele in the Western Siberian cultivars and the Vrn-B1a allele in the Eastern Siberian cultivars suggests their selectivity. The analysis also confirmed the dominance of red glume (ferrugineum, milturum) and awned spike (ferrugineum, erythrospermum) varieties in the Eastern Siberian cultivars, and white glume and awnedless spike (lutescens and albidum) ones in the Western Siberian cultivars. Small grain size cultivars are more typical of Eastern than Western Siberia. The retrospective analysis based on the cultivars' zoning time included in the "State Register for Selection Achievements Admitted for Usage" brought us to the conclusion that the earliness/lateness of modern Siberian commercial cultivars was not regionally but rather zonally-associated (taiga, subtaiga, forest-steppe and steppe zones).

Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (Aqua and Terra satellites) and in situ observations, a comparative analysis of two large-scale smoke events caused by the summer wildfires in European Russia (ER) in 2010 and Western Siberia (WS) in 2012 was carried out. In the 5-day periods of the extreme smoke pollution (5–9 August 2010 in ER and 27–31 July 2012 in WS), the number of active fires in the equal territories, confined by the coordinates 47°–65° N, 25°–55° E and 51°–70° N, 71°–104° E, was found to be 4754 for ER and 3823 for WS. With this, the regional mean aerosol optical depths (AODs) were found to be (1.02 ± 0.02) and (1.00 ± 0.04), not much differing for both the events. The regional mean aerosol radiative forcing effects at the top (R1) and the bottom (R2) of the atmosphere over ER/WS according to MODIS observations were estimated to be (−61 ± 1) and (−54 ± 2) W m−2, and (−107 ± 2) and (−96 ± 3) W m−2, respectively. At the same time, the local values of AOD and the local absolute values of R1 and R2 over WS were considerably higher than those over ER. MODIS AOD (L3) data during the wildfires of 2010 were validated by AOD data obtained by the sun-sky photometer CIMEL, operating at the AERONET station Zvenigorod. The rates of radiative heating of the smoky atmosphere over ER and WS were also estimated and compared with the existed temperature anomalies, obtained using National Centers for Environmental Prediction National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data. Optical and microphysical properties of smoke aerosols during the wildfires in ER and WS also revealed some similar characteristics. The aerosols were mostly found in the submicron-size fraction and characterized by very high single-scattering albedos (0.95–0.98). In the dense smoke conditions, the degree of linear polarization at the scattering angle 90° during both the events decreased to negative values ranging between −0.1 and −0.15. The optical properties of smoke aerosols were mainly conditioned by unusually narrow particle size distribution.

Economic zoning is a grouping of the territorial division of labor into general, interconnected economic zones. Economic region - formed because of the territorial division of labor, specialization and integrated development of the economy of each other part of the country. Economic zoning played an important role in planning the economy of individual parts of the country and the prospects for their development. In Kazakhstan, the territorial division of labor, transport, the industry of specialization of the productive forces in the country, parts of the country that are effective in developing domestic economic and geographical developments and influenced the growth of the country's economic regions. The well-known scientist N.N. Baransky divided territories of Kazakhstan into five economic zones depending on economic geographic characteristics: Central Kazakhstan, Eastern Kazakhstan, Western Kazakhstan, Northern Kazakhstan, Southern Kazakhstan. The economic zone of North-Kazakhstan is in a favorable economic and geographical position. In the north it borders on the Urals and Western Siberia. On the territory of the district pass the railway Big Siberia, Middle Siberia, Southern Siberia and Trans-Kazakhstan. These roads connect North Kazakhstan with Central Kazakhstan and the Urals, Kuzbass, and will allow them to travel to the regions of Europe, Asia and Southern Kazakhstan. Through the Irtysh River, they can contact the non-ferrous metallurgy of Altai and the Russian oil and gas-bearing field in Western Siberia. North Kazakhstan is the main grain, meat, and dairy cattle breeding complex in the country. Along with the agro-industrial complex in North Kazakhstan, iron ore, bauxite, coal, asbestos, gold, etc., and the metallurgical industry associated with the melting of aluminum, ferroalloy, mining and ore enrichment are developed. The transition to a real market economy, the resettlement of the capital, the tourist and recreational zone of the concentration of the North Kazakhstan regions, the economic, recreational, industrial and agricultural development of the tourism industry with the development of efficient use of resources to improve the socio-economic status of the population, to identify opportunities for improving the economy of the region today.

The accelerated development of Siberia is determined by its significant role in the country’s development, both in terms of natural resource exploitation and geopolitical positioning. Currently, the development rate of the Siberian macro-region has slowed, the volume of investments is dropping and the population is decreasing. To change this situation, new spatial development tools need to be applied to the “Siberian” regions. One of the possible ways for improving regional management processes is through “corridors of development”, which is the economic space incorporating centers of economic activity with transportation, energy, and logistical infrastructure. This study is aimed at analyzing the potential for forming development corridors in specific regions of Western and Eastern Siberia, ensuring accelerated growth of their production potential, economic diversification, and improving the standard of living of the population by creating new jobs. The study identifies Novosibirsk and Kuzbass corridors in Western Siberia and the Krasnoyarsk Arctic, Krasnoyarsk Southern, and Irkutsk corridors in Eastern Siberia as the prospective development corridors.

In western Siberia, summer fallow-based crop rotation is practiced. These tillage-based cropping systems are not sustainable. They lead to a decline in soil fertility and damage to humans and the environment. The objective of this chapter is to analyze the principles of conservation agriculture (CA) and to replace wheat-fallow monocultures by stubble mulch farming. We conducted multi-factorial field experiments on crop rotations, tillage, and soil fertility management on three sites over more than five years. The research data include the results of studies in northern Kazakhstan, central Kazakhstan, and western Siberia. Furthermore, we analyzed results from other cool steppe regions such as Canada. In studies conducted in northern Kazakhstan, we found that cropland is most efficiently used in diversified crop rotations with no fallow. Summer fallow can be replaced by food legumes or legume forages. No-till has an advantage in terms of crop yields over traditional tillage on light textured soils of the Kostanai province, thanks to better moisture conservation. On heavy textured soils of the Akmola province, traditional tillage has an advantage in some cases, thanks to better snowmelt water intake and more active nitrogen mineralization. On Leached Chernozems of Trans-Ural Siberia, no-till is feasible only with the application of higher rates of nitrogen fertilizer. In the forest-steppe zone of western Siberia, no-till in the autumn provided the same grain yields as ploughing only when it was combined with the application of fertilizers, herbicides, fungicides, and growth regulators. Research in northern Kazakhstan shows that for soil fertility conservation, one should combine a reduced to minimum area under summer fallow with the replacement of summer fallow by pulses or legume forages and the application of nitrogen fertilizer, and thus avoid soil tillage.

Carbon monoxide (CO) total columns over European Russia (ER) and western Siberia (WS) have been analyzed using MOPITT (V5, TIR/NIR, L3) IR-radiometer data obtained in 2000–2014. High CO contents are revealed over large urban and industrial agglomerations and over regions of oil-and-gas production. A stable local CO maximum is observed over the Moscow agglomeration. Statistical characteristics of CO total columns observed in the atmosphere over ER and WS in 2000–2014 are presented. An analysis of long-term changes in CO content reveals nonlinear changes in the CO total column over northern Eurasia in 2000–2014. Results of a comparative analysis of annual variations in atmospheric CO contents over ER and WS are given. Based on Fourier analysis, empirical models of annual variations in total CO contents over ER and WS are proposed. Relations between regional CO contents and fire characteristics and between spatial CO distributions and features of large-scale atmospheric dynamics under conditions of weather and climate anomalies in the summers of 2010 in ER and 2012 in WS are analyzed. Data on total CO contents measured with a MOPITT satellite radiometer and a ground-based spectrometer operating at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station of the Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics are compared.

The article is devoted to the osteology of the lake minnow - an indigenous representative of the ichthyofauna of Kazakhstan. This species has a wide range in northern Eurasia and a debatable taxonomic structure. The generic status of the lake minnow has changed several times - currently it is often assigned to the genus Rhynchocypris. Within this species, several subspecies have been described, two of which live in the water bodies of Northern and Central Kazakhstan. Modern information on the lake minnow from the Northern Kazakhstan is limited to morphometric data, on the basis of which it is assigned to the nominative subspecies R. p. percnurus. Another form, previously described as a subspecies of R. czekanowskii from Northern Kazakhstan, was subsequently considered as a subspecies of the lake minnow R. p. ignatowi, which also inhabits the water bodies of Central Kazakhstan. Its systematic status remains unclear, and available data on morphology and distribution are scarce. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristic features and interpopulation variability of the visceral skull bones of the lake minnow from the water bodies of Northern and Central Kazakhstan. The research material consisted of fish from populations of the Kylshakty River (Northern Kazakhstan) and the Karkaraly River (Central Kazakhstan). Using the method of preparing and staining skeletons, osteological preparations of fish from both populations were obtained. As a result of the analysis of osteological characteristics, the bones of the viscerocranium of the lake minnow from the water bodies of Kazakhstan were characterized in detail for the first time. Characteristic features of the shape of the maxillary, dentary, opercular, basihyal and pharyngeal bones were revealed. Interpopulation differences concern the shape of the basihyal and the third epibranchial, as well as the presence or absence of the first pharyngobranchial. The data obtained may indicate the morphological distinctiveness of the populations of Northern and Central Kazakhstan.

The influence of climatic-geographic factors on the Russians of Western and Eastern Siberia and on the Buryats of Eastern Siberia was investigated. A comparison of important ecotypological characteristics such as body mass index and topography of subcutaneous adipose tissue confirmed better adaptability in the Russian males than the females to the stressful influence of the severe continental climate of Eastern Siberia. It suggests the possibility that the “conservatism” of the female gene pool can lead to chronic stress caused by incomplete adaptation to the influence of a severe continental climate.

Most of the range of the Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus falls within the borders of Russia and the associated republics. Although most research on this species has been conducted in Europe and Japan, a growing body of work has been developed since 1980 in Russia. As this work has mostly appeared only in Russian, and often in local journals, the accessibility and availability of that literature to non-Russian scientists has been extremely limited. We have compiled and reviewed the Russian literature, as it pertains to this species, from four regions. We have also attempted to give an overview of the populations, their breeding biology, wintering range, migration, and moulting behaviour in: 1) Western Russia (west of the Ural Mountains), 2) Western Siberia (east of the Urals and west of the Yenisei River, 3) Central and Eastern Siberia (from the Yenisei to the Lena), and 4) The Russian Far East (from the Lena to the Bering Sea). Each of these four regions is as large, or considerably larger than the area occupied by the European population, which is currently the only region for which accurate information on population size is available.The Whooper Swan population in Russia is large, generally secure, and seemingly expanding its range northwards. It suffers from a wide range of anthropogenic influences, including disturbance, habitat degradation, habitat loss, and hunting, but in some areas is also re-occupying breeding haunts where such negative influences have declined. The Whooper Swan ranges in Russia from the Kola Peninsula in the northwest east to the Anadyr Valley of Chukotka and to Kamchatka. The northern limit to its range lies close to 67°-68°N. There is circumstantial evidence for a continued general expansion of its breeding range northwards. The breeding range extends south to 62°N in western parts of European Russia, but as far south as 55°N to 50°N in Sakhalin and Kamchatka. It winters south to 47°-50°N in the west, however its southernmost wintering grounds are in Japan where for climatic reasons it can be found in large numbers at latitudes as low as between 35°N and 40°N. In Russia, the Whooper Swan is a breeding bird of the northern taiga, of forest-tundra, and in some places of the tundra too. Human influences during the mid 20th century have, in some areas, particularly in the west, greatly reduced the Whooper Swan's population and range below 19th century and early 20th century levels. Over the latter part of the 20th century, however, it has begun to re-occupy its former range. Population estimates vary enormously even for the same regions making overall estimation of the population virtually impossible. For example estimates for Western Russia and Western Siberia range from as few as 10, 000 to more than 100, 000 (Ravkin 1991, Rees et al. 1997). There is considerable room for further research in this the largest portion of the Whooper Swan's range. The population of the Russian Far East is thought likely to be in the region of 60, 000 birds based on numbers wintering in Kamchatka, Japan, the Korean Peninsula and China.Although the majority of the Whooper Swan's world population breeds in Russia, most of these birds migrate to areas beyond Russian borders to winter in adjacent countries, around the Baltic Sea, the Caspian Sea, and the Sea of Japan. The timing of migration varies from region to region, but in autumn at least does seem largely driven by sharp falls in temperature, particularly of daytime temperatures from 5°C to 0°C. Evidence from widely different areas in Russia point to spring and autumn migration taking place in different waves. In spring, pairs and families predominate among early migrants, nonbreeders among later migrants.

With regard to the problem of restoring the muksun (Coregonus muksun) population in Western Siberia by means of artificial regeneration, the genetic differentiation of natural populations and broodstocks of fish rearing farms “Forvat” and “Sobsky” was studied. Eighty-four sequences of mtDNA (3,006 bp) containing the highly polymorphic genes ND1 and ND2 were analysed. The differences between the populations of Western and Eastern Siberia were revealed. These findings must be taken into account when attempting to restore the species population in each particular region. The genetic closeness of the muksun from fish rearing farms “Forvat” and “Sobsky” with muksun from the Ob-Taz basin gives grounds for using these broodstocks for seeding the Ob and Taz rivers.

Using data from the OMI (Aura) satellite instrument, the changes in the atmospheric contents of formaldehyde (CH 2 O) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), associated with the extreme summer heat waves and wildfires in European Russia (ER) in 2010 and in Western Siberia (WS) in 2012 were investigated. Marked increase of the regional CH 2 O contents, up to 1.7⋅10 16 molec/cm 2 over ER (an increase by 72%) and up to 1.4⋅10 16 molec/cm 2 over WS (55%), was revealed. The regional CH 2 O contents positively correlate with the number of active fires in ER and WS, and also with the surface temperature. The regional NO 2 contents have slightly increased during the wildfires - up to 1.4⋅10 15 molec/cm 2 (4%) over ER and up to 1.0 ⋅10 15 molec/cm 2 (6%) over WS, however over the clusters of intense fires the growth in tropospheric NO 2 in separate days reached tens percent.

The article discusses geochemical groups identified according to the results of the LA-ISP-MS analysis of tin bronzes of the Ural-Kazakhstan region of the Late Bronze Age. Based on the statistical analysis of 13 impurity ele-ments of 74 bronze and tin-containing copper products from the sites of the 2nd — early 1st mil BC in the Southern Trans-Urals and Northern Kazakhstan, seven chemically contrasting groups have been identified, which mark vari-ous types of tin sources. A significant part of the metal reflects the polymetallic nature of tin deposits, which are probably associated with the structures of Northern and Central Kazakhstan, where tin was mined together with cop-per ores. The second part of the sample — without a clear correlation of tin with other metals — reflects the cassiter-ite type of ores. It clearly shows the correlation As-Co-Ni±(Sb, Fe, Au), which is characteristic of the copper deposits of the Urals, indicating the alloying of the Ural copper ores with cassiterite master alloys. Data on tin metallogeny, ore chemistry, types of deposits, and known ancient mines of Northern, Central and Eastern Kazakhstan, which could have been sources of raw materials in the metallurgy of the Late Bronze Age, are presented. The main tin-bearing structures of Kazakhstan are the Kokshetau block in the north, the Kalba-Narym zone in the east, and the Ulytau, Bulattau, Atasu, and Sarysu-Teniz structures in Central Kazakhstan. Greisen, quartz-vein and pegmatite types of primary tin deposits, accompanied by placers, are known here. The ores at the deposits are represented both by pure cassiterite (in association with quartz, wolframite, tourmaline, etc.) and by association with sulphides (chalcopy-rite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, bismuthine, etc.) and copper oxide-carbonate ores.

Cyclone activity associated with the interannual seesaw oscillation of summer precipitation over northern Eurasia