A new methodology for evaluating the university entrepreneurial ecosystem based on a case study

本研究旨在探討產學合作中大學之角色與定位，撰寫之中心理念乃試圖由大學發展的歷史定位談起，透過檢視大學由追求真理、探索教育內涵，到近接市場的第三任務展開，其間功能與角色的轉變。在個案研究上，主要擇定日本為研究標的，並承上探究大學角色之變遷為基調，透過研究日本產業聚集(cluster)中大學產學合作活動之概況，著眼於其相關論述與實證文獻之動態探討與研究，以期能明瞭市場化機制運作下的現今大學，如何能在產學合作方面所發揮實質效益？大學對於國家發展所真正能予以的扶助，是否導致大學角色與定位的混沌不明？又透過本研究，如何能重新檢視大學的地位，以使其能在教學、研究、服務三者間取得平衡？ 本研究圍繞以從日本產學合作政策為出發，由其運作、機制及其發展，以檢視大學角色之轉變為主軸概念。事實上，在日本，大學的確佔有重要的科技創新資源，其不僅擁有大批優秀研究開發人才，也裝備有國家重點實驗室及高新技術開發中心。透過產學官合作，激發了大學的科技創新意識和巨大潛力，並使大學、企業、政府機構實現了資源共享和優勢互補，這對日本「知識產權立國戰略」的成敗，產生了決定性的影響。特別是在2004年日本通過國立大學法人化政策(Incorporation Policy of Japan’s National Universities)後，更為推進產學研合作邁開了一大步。此外，從「科學技術基本法」、「大學技術移轉促進法」到日本國立大法人化制度的實施，日本的產學研合作模式，除由原本的共同研究、委託研究、委託研究員制度、捐贈制度、設立共同研究中心、設置與學術有關的法人等多種合作形式，亦漸次朝向「大學創業」的產學模式開展。2001年日本提出的「平沼計畫」，即是希冀透過大學衍生企業(University Spin-off Venture Business, USVB)的發展，致力於促進大學研究成果實用化的工作，並期能活絡地域經濟的發展，促使日本創造新的產業，為國家取得競爭優勢。又在日本產學合作政策中，充份結合區域發展為其重要特色之一。在產業聚集中大學產學合作之推動與發展，更為其方興未艾的議題。基此，本研究之主要目的乃在： 一、探討大學發展及其在市場機制運作下其功能與角色的轉變。 二、探討大學產學合作興起與發展趨勢。 三、探討大學產學合作理論模式及其內涵。 四、探討日本產學合作政策與產業聚集之發展概況。 五、評析日本技術先進首都圏地域產業聚集之產學合作形成之政策背景，探究其產學合作之政策效果，及其大學在聚集產學合作活動中所扮演之角色與定位。 六、根據本研究之待答問題，提出產學合作之相關具體結論與建議。 總的來說，透過本研究所獲致之主要發現及成果如下： 1.市場力量持續促動大學角色的轉變； 2.產學合作活動的方興未艾； 3.產學合作的質疑與衝突； 4.產學合作活動中大學角色與定位的明確化； 5.產學合作活動需建立起足夠之政策機制與誘因； 6.產學合作長期契約的建立與組織化； 7.運用產學合作深化產業聚集之發展。 在研究建議方面，則包括： 一、對於大學產學合作政策上之建議 1.提升產學合作誘因，減少產學歧異； 2.建構產學網絡機制，加速資源整合； 3.強化中介機構功能，促進功能發揮； 4.深化大學產學合作，創造產業價值； 5.營造產業創業環境，塑造創業氛圍； 6.借鑑國外發展經驗，融入本土精神； 7.推動大學法之發展，維縏學術自主。 二、對於後續研究之建議 1.在研究內容上，由於時間上之限制，僅得就單一國家進行文獻資料之分析與探討，建議後續研究可再擴張跨國比較之研究內容，俾為更深入之探究。 2.在研究範疇上，由於理論上之限制，建議後續研究可擴及其他區域進行相關研究。 3.在研究方法上，由於在實徵資料上，多引述二手資料之文獻與調查資訊，因此，對於區域內大學產學合作與產學實際互動之實際概況，無法全盤了解，建議後續研究應可做更為詳盡之調查與分析。 4.在理論基礎上，本研究引用產業聚集理論進行大學產學合作之相關研究，由於未進行實證上之調查，因此，關於分析大學研究在產業聚集內創新能力上的地理外溢效果無法獲得實際數據，也因而使本研究僅得就文獻資料進行質化分析，建議後續研究可據此建構研究模型（如Jaffeirm或Zvi Griliches等有關知識生產函數與計算大學研發外溢之概念），進一步分析大學對於區域產學合作之實際衝擊及效益。

The success rate of start-up firms in Vietnam could be low 20.8%. To address this issue, improving start-up performance through technological innovation and business model innovation is crucial. The relationship between technological innovation, business model innovation (BMI), and start-up performance has yet to be widely examined in developing countries like Vietnam. This study employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze data from 425 entrepreneurs. The findings reveal that technological innovation has a positive impact on business model innovation and start-up performance; business model innovation also has a positive impact on start-up performance; and the study identifies the partial mediating role of business model innovation between technological innovation and start-up performance. The results have practical implications for entrepreneurs, start-up founders, and policymakers. It emphasizes investing in technological and business model innovations to improve start-up performance. Lastly, the study highlights some limitations and suggests future research directions. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2023-04-03-01 Full Text: PDF

This study examines the contributions of university-industry collaboration to regional development. Regional development that becomes possible through allocation of the regional resources to technology development efforts provides competitiveness. in addition, university-industry collaboration is a vital centre of competence to help tackle social challenges and drive regional development. When companies and universities work in tandem to push the frontiers of knowledge, they become a powerful engine for innovation and economic growth. Due to having limited R-D capability and human capital university-industry collaboration is the main source of the innovative skills trigger the regional development and provides competitive power in the developing countries. This study aims to address the challenge of bridging the industry-university in regional development process and analyzing university-industry connection problems from local firms' perspectives in Bursa region, Turkey. University-industry collaboration is the main important driving force for Bursa economy, a bridge between Istanbul and South Marmara region and an old city that has strong industrial infrastructure in Turkey. It has a great potential to become a competitive region because of the fact that it has many innovative firms clustered under different sectors. Some technological spillovers, provided by breakthroughs in Bursa economy, will enable to the creation of an innovative region from South Marmara. To reach the success in this process, an interfaced institution which construct and coordinate university-industry collaboration have to be developed. in this study, university-industry collaboration is evaluated from the viewpoint of firms. A structured questionnaire was formed through a literature survey. The main population of this research consists of manufacturing industry in Bursa region, Turkey. The data was collected from selected manufacturing firms in order to evaluate the challenges and the expectations of these firms. Based on the obtained results, policy alternatives that aim to develop university-industry collaboration more effectively in the region were also discussed.

“Innovation driven” is the proper term for promoting regional sustainable development under the general goal of national high-quality development. University–industry collaboration (UIC) has become an important innovation resource for regional sustainable development. The study aims to analyze the influencing factors and mediating mechanisms of university–industry collaboration scientific and technological (S&T) and business activities oriented for regional sustainable development in 30 provinces in China (excluding Tibet). Specifically, we used the partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling method to test the effects of innovation climate and resource endowments on regional sustainable development through two mode pathways of university–industry collaboration activities. The results show that the innovation climate and resource endowments significantly affect UIC in scientific and technological innovation activities, and then affect the regional economic development and human capital. UIC S&T innovation activities play positive mediating roles in promoting regional sustainable development. In addition, the innovation climate does not significantly impact the business activities of UIC. Therefore, region can get a greater sustainable development through UIC S&T innovation activities than business activities. Much more UIC S&T activities can improve the economic development, human capital, and environmental conditions in the region.

Topicality. The article explores the issue of determining the direction in which the region should develop its foreign economic relations, how to rebuild a regional economic system in order to realize their resources and opportunities for growth in the globalized international economy in the most effective way. Theoretical and conceptual foundations of the regional foreign economic relations development, analysed in this article, determine a role of commodity exports, imports of modern technologies, investment (including foreign capital), innovation, institutional environment and entrepreneurship for regional development. Among other issues addressed in this article, special attention was paid to analysis of changes in regional development paradigms.Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to study theoretical and conceptual foundations of regional development through by means of regional foreign economic relations amplification. In addition, the objectives of the current study include: highlighting changes of scientific views on paradigms of regional development in terms of areas of amplification of regional foreign economic relations, identification of the main contradictions and temporal context of the proposed theories and concepts of regional development, addition to the main trends in the theoretical and conceptual basis of regional development in recent years.Research results. The article considers a formation of theories and concepts of regional development, which provide for the intensification of regional foreign economic relations. The analysis of theoretical and conceptual bases of regional foreign economic relations amplification testifies the transformation of paradigms of regional development according to a context of times in which there were changes of scientific views on the reasons and consequences of regional growth. The article examines the evolutionary transformation of regional economic development paradigms through the following theories: spatial location theory, theory of international (interregional) trade, Keynesian theories (export base theory and input-output model), neoclassical theories of regional economic development, concepts of economic rationalism, comparative, competitive and common advantages, theories of globalization, sustainable development, regional self-help and endogenous development, a new growth theory. Based on the analysis of the regional development theoretical foundations, the article establishes that the main theories and concepts of regional foreign economic relations mostly focused on consideration of such incentives as: capital investment, technological innovation, foreign trade, agglomeration effect (economies of scale), as well as a level of institution development.Conclusion. The article states that there is no single generally accepted theory for providing scientific approaches to a complementary amplification of regional foreign economic relations. Certain theories and concepts, which form theoretical foundations for the regional foreign economic relations amplification, have relatively practical application only in specific cases. Thus, by means of an application of the postulates of the theory of international and interregional trade, the optimal structure of the external trade turnover of the region and the parameters of determining the commodity positions for import substitution are determined; neoclassical theory of spatial equilibrium serves as a theoretical basis for choosing investment attraction’ direction in prioritized regional production and infrastructure facilities; new regional growth theories (including, of endogenous regional development concept) serve as a theoretical background for choosing tools for foreign economic activity intensification in order to ensure regional development. At the same time, achieving regional growth, in the modern sense, is not possible without considering principles of sustainable development and self-sufficiency of a territory, therefore, an amplification of foreign economic relations in the region, even in a globalized world, should be based mainly on endogenous factors, while strengthening its development with an innovation and investment components from the external environment.

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) were developed in 2015 to address many global development challenges. Some of these goals include bringing affordable and clean energy to all (UN SDG7), provide clean water and sanitation for all (UN SDG6), providing quality education from early childhood to adults (UN SDG4), and decent work and economic growth (UN SDG 8). Technology has been advancing and can be deployed to address these challenges through entrepreneurial ways. In this chapter we will describe how technology-enabled innovative and entrepreneurial solutions are being brought to address these goals. The specific research questions to be addressed are: What types of Innovation and Entrepreneurship models are most effective in addressing the UN Sustainable Development Goals? This book chapter reviews different innovations in technologies and business models in the energy sector, particularly off-grid renewable energy, health care, water and sanitation, agriculture, and education sectors. The common themes of innovations in business models and technologies will be drawn from these case study reviews to guide researchers in developing new entrepreneurial approaches to addressing the UN SDGs.

This study aims to clarify the relation between technological innovation and business model innovation and their shared impact on the business success of medium and large enterprises. Drawing on the Resource-Based View, this paper offers a comprehensive research model that analyses the relationships between technological innovation and business model innovations and their impact on business success. Structural Equation Modelling is utilized for the analysis of a dataset collected in a Southeast European developing country among medium and large enterprises. The results show that technological innovation has a positive influence on business model innovation and that business model innovation positively impacts the success of a business. Finally, the results confirm the mediating role of business model innovation between technological innovation and company business success. This research adds to the existing literature by empirically investigating the relationship between technological innovation, business model innovation, and company success identifying an antecedent role in the relationship between technological innovation and business model innovation.

Jeannette Colyvas • Michael Crow • Annetine Gelijns • Roberto Mazzoleni Richard R. Nelson • Nathan Rosenberg • Bhaven N. Sampat Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Office of the Executive Vice Provost, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 INCHOIR, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 Department of Economics and Geography, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11594 School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332 colyvas@leland.stanford.edu • mc71@columbia.edu • acp10@columbia.edu • ecorzm@mail1.hofstra.edu rrn2@columbia.edu • nate@leland.stanford.edu • bhaven.sampat@pubpolicy.gatech.edu

PurposeThis paper provides insights about how graduates' career patterns (i.e. academic entrepreneur, self-employed or paid employed) are influenced by entrepreneurial university ecosystems (i.e. incubators and entrepreneurship education programs).Design/methodology/approachBy adopting Douglas and Shepherd's utility-maximising function, the influence of one entrepreneurial university ecosystem on graduates' career choices was tested using a sample of 11,512 graduates from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM) in Mexico.FindingsOur results show the critical role of entrepreneurial universities ecosystems in facilitating employability options as academic entrepreneurship for ITESM's graduates. The study shows some insights about how graduates' risk aversion and work effort are positively influenced by the university business incubator and entrepreneurship education programs, respectively.Practical implicationsDiverse implications for stakeholders have emerged from our results. These implications are associated with potential benefits of implementing programmes oriented to engage academic entrepreneurship within Latin American universities.Originality/valueEntrepreneurial universities provide a range of employability alternatives for their students, such as to be self-employed, academic entrepreneurs or paid employees. In this scenario, entrepreneurial universities have configured entrepreneurial ecosystems (educational programmes, business incubators and other infrastructures) to support potential entrepreneurs (students, academics, staff and alumni). Despite the relevance of the environmental conditions on individuals' occupational choices, few studies have explored the role of the entrepreneurial university ecosystems on graduates' employability. In this vein, our study contributes to some academic discussions: (1) the role of context on career choice models (Ilougaet al., 2014; Sieger and Monsen, 2015), (2) the role of incubators and entrepreneurship education on fostering academic entrepreneurship on the graduates' community (Nabiet al., 2017; Goodet al., 2019; Guerrero and Urbano, 2019a) and (3) the effectiveness of the entrepreneurial university ecosystems on graduates' employability (Herreraet al., 2018; Wrightet al., 2017).

A new perspective on regional economic development is development capital generated from the region. MSMEs and Higher Education as development capital of the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) have different characteristics. Development is recognized as a process in which interrelationships and effects between the variables lead to regional development. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the effect of regional development capital on regional development. This study aims to examine the use of PLS-SEM in designing a model of the relationship between technological innovation, capital, and workforce on regional development. This current study also aims to observe the effect of latent predictor variables (Xi) of technology, innovation, capital, and workforce on LPE, HDI, and poverty rate as the latent dependent variable of regional development (Yi). Regional development capital has a positive effect on LPE. Technology has a positive and significant effect on innovation by 92.6%. Innovation Technology positively affects Economic Growth by 14.44% but is not significant. Though it is not significant, regional capital proxied by MSMEs positively affects economic growth. The workforce has a negative and insignificant effect on the economic growth of -28.3%. LPE and HDI have a negative effect on the poverty rate, although not significant at -6.8% and -13.3%, respectively. LPE and HDI play a role in reducing poverty. However, they perform on different paths. Workforce productivity is still low. Thus, it has not been able to boost economic growth and reduce poverty. These results are expected to be utilized as a basis for developing strategies for technology utilization by MSMEs

In the age of the digital economy, many enterprises use new technologies to empower their enterprises, and their technological innovation is closely related to their business models. In the era of digital economy, how companies achieve business models and technological innovation is an important issue. The support and driving business model innovation of new technologies, and business model innovation can guide technological innovation, thereby achieving the coordinated development of the two and jointly promoting the rapid development of the enterprise. Based on the longitudinal analysis of the case of NIO, a typical enterprise, this paper analyzes the dynamic co-evolution mechanism of technology innovation and business model innovation, and establishes the relevant model. By summarizing the results of the case analysis, this paper concludes that technological innovation promotes business model innovation, and business model innovation drives technological innovation, and the co-dynamic evolution mechanism of the two has three main modes: one-way, interactive, and integration.

This study utilised a developed framework to identify the types of research collaborations within a university's entrepreneurial ecosystem and the perception of academics on intra- and inter-departmental collaborations. Using primary and secondary data from the University of Benin (UNIBEN), Nigeria, the secondary data included 151 published articles from the 3rd University of Benin Annual Research Conference, while the primary data consisted of responses from 90 randomly selected academics across 10 faculties. Among the 151 articles, 14 were authored individually, 77 by authors from the same department, 22 by authors from different departments within the same faculty, 7 by authors from different disciplines, 18 involved authors from different universities, 7 from university-industry collaborations, 4 from university-government collaborations, and 2 from international collaborations. The findings revealed a high level of intra- and inter-departmental collaborations but a low level of interdisciplinary and inter-institutional collaborations. Given the promising nature of the university’s entrepreneurial ecosystem, it is recommended that scholars at UNIBEN increase their engagement in interdisciplinary and cross-institutional research collaborations to enhance the university’s innovative capacity and its ranking in research and development. Keywords: Research collaborations, academic entrepreneurial ecosystems, innovation

Purpose: On the background of innovation-driven growth strategy of the Chinese government, this study aims to explore the impact of the knowledge base on innovation-driven growth of a firm, which is moderated by organizational character.Design/methodology/approach: Based on the data of 965 Chinese listed companies, some hypotheses were tested using the method of hierarchical regression analysis.Findings: Organizational growth relies on both technological and business model innovations and their interactive effect. Knowledge base, both breadth and depth, makes a positive impact on the innovation-driven growth of an enterprise. In the impacting mechanism, an explicit organizational character not only has direct positive effects on business model innovation, it also strengthens the effect of knowledge breadth on business model innovation. On the contrary, an implicit organizational character is not significantly related to innovation.Research limitations/implications: In order to achieve growth, enterprises are suggested to adopt such dual innovation strategy, led by technological innovation and supplemented with business model innovation, which is supported by the integrated management of intangible resources, deep and broad knowledge, and explicit organizational character.Originality/value: A new theoretical framework of organizational innovation-driven growth was proposed. The realization paths of innovation-driven growth were explored. The idea of collaborative governance between the knowledge base and organizational character was raised.

Purpose: The high-speed growth of China's large-scale new economy indicates that innovation has become the most important economic growth pole. The study aims to explore the structure of the path to innovation, in which we focus on the mediating effect of organizational character.Design/methodology/approach: Considering the indigenous context of China's new economy, the study divides innovation into two types: technological innovation and business model innovation. Then, we build a path model to achieve the innovation by taking intellectual capital and organizational character as antecedents. Finally, a structural equation model is built to measure the path on the basis of sample data collected via a questionnaire survey.Findings: The results indicate that intellectual capital has a significant positive direct effect on technological innovation, but its direct effect on business model innovation is not significant. Organizational character not only mediates the relationship between the intellectual capital and technological innovation, but also plays a mediating role in the effect path from the intellectual capital to business model innovation. In addition, technological innovation has a positive impact on the business model innovation, and mediates the relationship between the intellectual capital and business model innovation.Originality/value: The study takes intellectual capital and organizational character as the common antecedents of innovation and breaks down the content of innovation research into technological innovation and business model innovation. Thus, it establishes a new theoretical analysis framework for dual innovation research and enriches the related theories. The framework would have stronger explanatory power for revealing the innovation strategy and behavior carried out by a large number of corporate organizations in China and the boom of new economy. Furthermore, it would lead enterprises to organize innovation activities more effectively and improve their innovation performances.

China is in a phase of high-quality development, where scientific and technological innovations are serving as the primary driving force for its development strategy. This emphasis on innovations is expected to fuel the upgrading of the industrial structure. This study investigates the role of scientific and technological innovations in industrial upgradation in China using spatial econometric analysis. Leveraging the data of 31 provinces of China from 2005 to 2022, we employed a spatial Durbin model to determine the spatial spillover effects of scientific and technological innovations on industrial upgradation. Our findings reveal the significant positive spatial spillover effects, indicating that provinces with higher levels of scientific and technological innovations tend to experience greater industrial upgradation, which in turn contributes to regional economic development. Furthermore, the findings suggest a strong spatial correlation between innovation and the upgrading of industrial structures, indicating that regional innovations have the potential to drive China’s industrial upgradation. These results underscore the critical role of scientific and technological innovations in promoting industrial upgradation and regional development in China.