Abstract
The need for highly reliable methods for the determination of trace elements has been recognised in analytical chemistry and environmental science. A method for the trace analysis of Pb and Cd in natural waters is described. In a preconcentration step, 500 ml of an aqueous sample containing lead and cadmium were extracted into 3.5 ml of a solution containing a complexing agent (dithizone) in xylene. Subsequently, the dithizonate complexes were back-extracted into 600 μl of nitric acid solution for direct determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Important microextraction parameters were optimised using spiked deionised water. The 3 σ detection limits, relative standard deviations and linear calibration graphs were, respectively, 0.39 μg l −1, 6.3% and 1.0–20.0 μg l −1 for lead and 8.2 ng l −1, 4.0% and 0.05–1.0 μg l −1 for cadmium for solvent microextraction times of 4 min and microvolume back-extraction times of 1 min. The preconcentration factors were 543- and 331-fold for lead and cadmium, respectively.
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