Abstract
In a constantly evolving world, new technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud-based services offer great opportunities in many fields. In this paper we propose a new approach to the development of smart sensors using IoT and cloud computing, which open new interesting possibilities in analytical chemistry. According to IoT philosophy, these new sensors are able to integrate the generated data on the existing IoT platforms, so that information may be used whenever needed. Furthermore, the utilization of these technologies permits one to obtain sensors with significantly enhanced features using the information available in the cloud. To validate our new approach, a bicarbonate IoT-based smart sensor has been developed. A classical CO2 ion selective electrode (ISE) utilizes the pH information retrieved from the cloud and then provides an indirect measurement of bicarbonate concentration, which is offered to the cloud. The experimental data obtained are compared to those yielded by three other classical ISEs, with satisfactory results being achieved in most instances. Additionally, this methodology leads to lower-consumption, low-cost bicarbonate sensors capable of being employed within an IoT application, for instance in the continuous monitoring of HCO3− in rivers. Most importantly, this innovative application field of IoT and cloud approaches can be clearly perceived as an indicator for future developments over the short-term.
Highlights
Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions, mainly due to fossil fuel combustion, land use change, and other sources, have dramatically increased over the past one hundred years
We propose a methodology for this integration, based on the so-called distributed rational agents (DRAs); they allow for achieving this goal, i.e., the design of sensors that benefit from cloud services offered by Internet of Things (IoT)
A homemade electrode was fabricated following to some extent the process outlined in [26]. This ion selective electrode (ISE) consisted of a polyvinyl chloride tube covered with a thin (10–25 μm) HCO3 − selective membrane made from a mixture containing polyvinyl chloride, di-(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, trioctyl tin chloride and an H+ interference-removing trifluroacetophenone, a liquid solution containing 50 mM phosphate buffer and 0.01 M sodium chloride in the tube, and a lead wire connected to a Ag/AgCl reference electrode positioned in the tube
Summary
Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions, mainly due to fossil fuel combustion, land use change, and other sources, have dramatically increased over the past one hundred years. The future in IoT describes a scenario where a set of environmental sensors will upload their measurements in a cloud service; in this way, it will be possible to know the concentrations of different species occurring in water, since they are recorded on a common IoT platform For such an application, the aforementioned sensors must be provided with the ability to integrate themselves on IoT platforms [8]. Examples include interference from polluting agents, influence of temperature and/or pressure, or other existing open data The utilization of this methodology will provide a bicarbonate smart sensor with the ability to integrate into IoT platforms, improving its performance, since it will be able to determine [HCO3 − ]. This is an initial approach to this issue, it can be clearly perceived as an indicator for future developments over the short-term
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