Abstract
The Hypsolebias fl avicaudatus species complex is a clade of annual killifishes inhabiting seasonal pools associated to São Francisco River basin, in the semi-arid Caatinga region of northeastern Brazil. The analysis of both morphological and molecular data supports recognition of a new species of that complex, herein named as Hypsolebias guanambi. It was collected in the upper section of the Carnaíba de Dentro River drainage and is distinguished from all other species of the complex by having the dorsal fin more posteriorly placed in females, presence of short fi lamentous rays on the dorsal and anal fins in males, and fewer teeth on the second pharyngobranchial bone. The recognition of a species of the H. fl avicaudatus complex endemic to the upper Carnaíba de Dentro River drainage corroborates this region as an important area of endemism for annual killifishes.
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