Abstract
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) require automated over the air software updates for fixing errors or adding new features. Reprogramming nodes manually is often impractical or even impossible. Current update methods require an external memory, additional computation, and/or external WSN transport protocol. In this chapter, the authors propose Program Image Dissemination Protocol (PIDP) for WSNs. Combining PIDP with an application description language provides a complete method for WSN firmware management. PIDP is reliable, lightweight, and supports multi-hopping. PIDP does not require external memory, is independent of the WSN implementation, transfers firmware reliably, and reprograms the whole program memory. In addition, PIDP allows several levels of WSN node heterogeneity. PIDP was implemented on an 8-bit node platform with a 2.4 GHz radio. Implementation requires 22 bytes of data memory and less than 7 kilobytes of program memory. PIDP updates 178 nodes within 5 hours. One update consumes under 1% of the energy of two AA batteries.
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