A Multi-Stakeholder Optimization of Food Supply Chains: an Undernourishment Reduction Strategy

Advancing the deliberative turn in natural resource management: An analysis of discourses on the use of local resources

Chapter 1. Local Economic Development in a Global Market How Economists View the World Models and Assumptions Individual Behavior and Utility Maximization Ideological Perspectives on Market Operations How Markets Work Supply and Demand Supply, Demand, and Efficiency Markets Are Not Always Efficient The Role of Profits Economic Development Defined Careers in LED The Nature of Regions Types of Regions Local, National, and Global Economic Development Chapter 2. Business Location, Expansion, and Retention Locational Factors Inertia Transportation Cost Minimizing Models Production Costs National Political Climate and Stability Opportunity Creation The Decision Making Process Motivations Practical Limitations on the Choice Process Steps in the Corporate Site Selection Process Changing Relative Importance of Locational Factors Surveys of Location Factors Survey Findings Past to Present Conducting Business Retention and Expansion Programs 3. Markets, Urban Systems, and Local Development Demand and Market Areas Demand in a Spatial Setting Competition for Markets Threshold Demand and Range Determinants of Market Size The Urban Hierarchy and Urban System Central Places Goods and Services According to Urban Rank Changing Urban Patterns An Evaluation of the Central-Place Approach Considerations Extraneous to Central-Place Theory Transportation Costs Market Overlap, Rate Absorption, and Price Discrimination Product Differentiation Agglomeration Economies Institutional Factors Non-employment Residential Locations and Commuting Empirical Evidence Globalization and Urban (City) Systems How to Measure Areas of Influence Survey Techniques Reilly's Law of Retail Gravitation Probabilistic Models Retail Spending An Example Hinterland Expansion Strategies 4. Economic Interdependence and Local Structure Agglomeration Economies Internal Agglomeration Economies Direct Sales Purchases Linkages Localization Economies Urbanization Economies Recap Cluster Analysis Measures of Economic Structure North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) Location Quotients Estimating Export Employment with Location Quotients Surveys to Determine Export Activities Coefficients of Specialization Occupational Structure Other Aspects of Regional Structure 5. Regional Growth and Development Stages of Growth Industrial Filtering (Life Cycle Model) Adding New Work to Old How Do Cities Move from One State to the Next? Circular Flow Diagram Elements of the Circular Flow Model Equilibrium and Change The Multiplier The Export Base Theory of Growth The Formal Income Model How to Operationalize the Export Base Approach Impact Studies and Export Base Forecasts Critique of the Export-Base Approach Primacy of Exports Import Substitution Productivity Exports Not Always Exogenous Small versus Large Regions Feedbacks among Regions Non-basic Activities May Not Increase Long-Run Instability of the Multiplier Excessive Aggregation Supply-Side Approaches Intermediate Inputs Entrepreneurship Capital Land (Environmental Resources) Labor Supply and Demand Side Approaches: A Synthesis 6. Additional Tools for Regional Analysis Shift and Share Analysis An Application Critique Econometric and Simulation Models Econometric Models Caveats Importance-Strength Analysis Input-Output: Analysis The Transactions Table The Table of Direct Coefficients The Table of Direct and Indirect Coefficients Input-Output Applications 7. Institutionalist Perspectives on Local Development External Benefits from Economic Development Job and Income Creation Fiscal Improvement Physical Improvements Who Benefits From Growth? Characteristics of Resource Supply Opponents of Growth Subsidies, Competition and Economic Development Is Local Economic Development a Zero Sum Game? Inefficiency and Oversubsidization Discretionary versus Entitlement Subsidies Cost Minimization versus Human Capital Strategies Social Capital and Economic Development Generic Economic Problems and Social Capital Ambiguous Reception of Social Capital Social Capital and Local Development Strategies Using Social Capital to Mitigate Economic Development Conflicts Social Network Analysis: Getting the Right People to the Table Targeting Development Efforts Cluster-Based Economic Development 8. Local Economic Development in a Flattening World Models of Trade and Resource Flows Comparative Advantage Resource Mobility Economics of Migration Retiree-Migrant Development Strategy Mobility of Capital Innovations and Ideas Spatial Diffusion Implications for Regional Development Mobility and Development Policy Jobs-to-People versus People-to-Jobs Immigration and Urban Development 9. Land Use What Gives Land Value? Land Rents and Value The Nature of Rent, Productivity and Access Highest and Best Use The Land Development Process Developer Goals The Market Study Environmental Impact Statements Profit Feasibility The Development Decision Implications of Financial Analysis for LED Land-Use Patterns The Monocentric City Model The Desity Gradient Roads and Axial Development Agglomeration and the Multiple-Nuclear City Speculation Changing Land Use Patterns Evaluating Metropolitan Spread (Urban Sprawl) Land Use and Economic Development Tools Zoning and Its Critics Flexibility and Land Use Regulations The Eminent Domain Controversy Rights to Land and Economic Development 10. Housing and Neighborhood Development Fundamentals of Housing Economics Hedonic Pricing Uncertainty, Market Imperfections, and Competition Residential Location and Neighborhood Change The Filtering-Down Theory The Trade-Off Model The Cultural Agglomeration Model The Tiebout Model The Aggregate Economic Fallout Model Initiating and Perpetuating the Change Process Housing Policy Issues Rent Control versus Market Forces Income Support versus Housing Assistance Supply versus Demand Side Assistance Ghetto Dispersal versus Ghetto Improvement Dwelling-Unit versus Neighborhood Development Linkage Between Local Housing and Global Financial Markets Retail and Commercial Neighborhoods The Social Economy of Neighborhoods Community Development Corporations Cooperatives Community Gardens 11. Poverty and Lagging Regions The Nature of Poverty Conceptual Approaches Demographics of Poverty Spatial Concentrations of Urban Poverty Regional Linkages: The Spread and Backwash Effects Empirical Studies of Spatial Linkages Spatial Linkages and Theories of Spatial Poverty Policy Issues Strengthening Linkages Improving Productivity Addressing Wage Rigidities Employment Guarantee Schemes in India Income Support 12. Local Governance, Finance, and Regional Integration Spatial Perspectives on Government Functions Distribution and the Race to the Bottom Local Allocation Public Transportation - An Example Size and Scope of Local Governments Economies and Diseconomies of Scale Decision-Making Costs Improving Government Efficiency Using Prices and Fees Local Taxation and Economic Development Accountability Intergovernmental Competition Intergovernmental Grants and Coordination Rearranging Functions Privatization Market Based Reforms in Education Fiscal Impact and Benefit-Cost Studies Fiscal Impact Studies Benefit-Cost Analysis 13. Local Economic Development Planning The Future and Local Development Concern with Values and Attitudes Technological Change Systems Orientation Importance of Timing Planning Perspectives on Development Policy The Planning Process Limits of Planning Planning and Future Studies Tools Delphi Forecasting Games Scenarios Environmental Scanning About the Author

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to examine Gitga'at First Nation approaches and objectives concerning the use of local biological and cultural resources through the lens of a locally‐driven proposal to establish an eco‐cultural tourism enterprise.Design/methodology/approachThis project was developed in collaboration with the Gitga'at First Nation and employed a qualitative case study approach. Primary data gathering techniques were active participation, semi‐structured interviews, focus group discussions and work with key informants.FindingsParticipant responses highlight the interconnectivity and importance of social, ecological and cultural integrity in local economic development. Three major principles for resource use were widely expressed: control and management by Gitga'at; equitable distribution of any benefits; and the imperative of environmental and cultural sustainability.Research limitations/implicationsGitga'at band members living within the Gitga'at traditional territory played a central part in this research. Future work could include non‐resident band members. Furthermore, if the Gitga'at decide to move forward with this proposal, further research could examine how the resource use principles discussed here may be applied.Practical implicationsThis research provided a forum to explicitly identify research participants' hopes and concerns surrounding eco‐cultural tourism and the possible outcomes of this potential project.Social implicationsThis research may be beneficial to other communities interested in eco‐cultural tourism development or other development activities dependent on local resources use.Originality/valueAlthough essential to creating economic opportunities that reflect local goals and interests, socio‐cultural dimensions are often overlooked in local economic development. This research explicitly sought to unpack these domains.

Sustainability is a socially constructed concept whose meaning often depends on the context. After defining the feeding system and the meaning that can be attached to the concept of sustainability, its application to existing systems is examined. The attributes of sustainability are derived from an analysis of time-tested systems in Mediterranean and tropical regions. Farm organisation, animal intake and product quality are considered to mean more than mere correspondence between feed requirements and crop production patterns. The rational management of rangeland and forestry systems was taken as an example of organisation and planning of the use of renewable local resources. The multiple use of a specific feed resource and the development of mixed pasture-cropping systems, with possible inclusion of fodder trees and shrubs, were considered as examples of diversification and exploitation of local resources. The integration and fractioning of diverse feed resources and the combination of different activities in a given area, are intended to constitute a global approach to land use aimed at reducing off-farm inputs whilst enhancing natural resources and nutrient recycling. This approach should facilitate the development of mixed and diversified systems, with alternative yield objectives, low environmental impact and reduced economic hazards. Examples are reported on the intercropping of forage, food and fuel sources in the tropics, and for cereal and livestock production in the Mediterranean basin. Flexibility of ruminant production and complementarity between animal species are also described as examples of integration and multiple use of local feed resources. The discussion deals with the possible roles of fodder species and the need to combine several activities into dynamic agricultural systems. Attention is also drawn to the vital links between farmers and the wider rural community through coordinated actions that are appropriate to a mosaic of local conditions.

The local economy development is badly in need of the support of culture and tourism. Culture is considered as the soul of tourism, so only the tourism resources with culture can be equipped with lasting charm. However, tourism is the important foundation of cultural development, which is able to promote the development of cultural industry. Cultural tourism industry which combines culture and tourism will inevitably better explore local culture, strengthen local tourism, and promote the local economy adjustment and economic transition. Therefore, integration of culture and tourism has become the vital direction of local economy transition and development. This paper analyzes the relationship between culture and tourism, lists the promoting effects of integration of culture and tourism on local economy development, and puts forward local economy developing strategy in view of integration of culture and tourism.

The relevance of the problem of ensuring the development of inter-municipal cooperation of territorial communities and in particular the strategizing of this process is revealed. The purpose of the study was to improve methodological recommendations for strategic planning of the development of inter-municipal community cooperation in Ukraine. It is shown that intermunicipal cooperation has a high potential for accumulation and effective use of local resources, ensuring social and economic development. It is pointed out that the development of inter-municipal cooperation of communities is able to ensure the achievement of real economic independence and self-sufficiency of territories, especially those communities that are currently subsidized or depressed. It is emphasized that inter-municipal cooperation of communities in the field of local economic development begins with the identification of partner communities and common economic interests. On this basis, specific business projects are defined, which will be implemented by joint efforts. It is substantiated that joint business projects are implemented in accordance with the defined goal. It is most appropriate to choose one of the four alternatives: (1) an expansive model of economic development, (2) an intensive growth model, (3) a diversification strategy, (4) an adaptive model of cooperation to ensure local economic development. Intermunicipal cooperation of two or more communities in the economic sphere should be interpreted as a separate business project. Under such an approach, its purpose, ultimate goals, measures to be implemented, and resources to be involved will be clearly defined. The project character of intermunicipal cooperation of communities is given by the fact that such cooperation is oriented, rather, towards achieving a certain common goal than stimulating economic development in one community. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the further development of the methodological foundations of cooperation between territorial communities in the field of economics. The applied value of the research results lies in the formation of the algorithm of actions of local self-government bodies on the way to the development of innovative infrastructure to support innovative business.

This book offers insights into the process and the practice of local economic development. Bridging the gap between theory and practice it demonstrates the relevance of theory to inform local strategic planning in the context of widespread disparities in regional economic performance. The book summarizes the core theories of economic development, applies each of these to professional practice, and provides detailed commentary on them. This updated second edition includes more recent contributions - regional innovation, agglomeration and dynamic theories – and presents the major ideas that inform economic development strategic planning, particularly in the United States and Canada. The text offers theoretical insights that help explain why some regions thrive while others languish and why metropolitan economies often rise and fall over time. Without theory, economic developers can only do what is politically feasible. This text, however, provides them with a logical tool for thinking about development and establishing an independent basis from which to build the local consensus needed for evidence-based action undertaken in the public interest. Offering valuable perspectives on both the process and the practice of local and regional economic development, this book will be useful for both current and future economic developers to think more profoundly and confidently about their local economy.

The birth of democracy in South Africa in 1994 guided the introduction of local\neconomic development (LED) to improve local and regional economies.\nAccordingly, the objective of this study was to analyse the impact of key\neconomic sectors on LED in the Capricorn District Municipality over the period\n1996 to 2016. The study also included the development of a LED index for\nmeasurement that could contribute to the diverse literature on Development\nEconomics. The methodology included the development of an index to measure\nLED and also an econometric analysis of the impact of economic sectors on the\nLED index. The study employed a panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)\nmodel. A LED index was composed of economic growth, employment and\npoverty alleviation. The results show how the productivity of key sectors\ninfluence economic growth, employment and poverty alleviation. It is noteworthy\nthat the community service, trade, construction, finance and electricity sectors are\npositively related to LED. The main economic base sectors, such as agriculture\nand manufacturing, surprisingly had less of a positive impact on the local\neconomy. Specific aspects have a negative impact on economic sectors, and\nshould be minimized. Thus, the study formulated a strategy for policy\nimplications such as restructuring of the agricultural, manufacturing and infrastructural development sectors, ensuring capacity of all essential services,\nimproving production methods, and investment in technical skills development. It\nwas therefore be concluded that LED is a process and tool in improving local\neconomic growth, employment and poverty alleviation. In light of this finding,\nkey sectors need to play a significant role to improve local economic growth and\nemployment, and alleviate poverty.

Empowerment of women through the use of local resources provides change and progress in Rantau Puri Village located in Muara Bulian District, Batang Hari Regency. Local resources as a dimension of local wisdom include Natural Resources (SDA), Human Resources (HR), and Socio-Cultural Resources that must be utilized to achieve change, progress and prosperity. Utilization of these three local resources in an integrated manner can provide independence. The kepok banana is one of the local natural resources developed by the local community, the kepok banana was chosen because it is often found in the local area. Banana kepok can be processed into chips with various flavors and also opaque, while for the heart of banana kepok you can make steak. Processing made from bananas is still done traditionally or manually so that the resulting product does not meet market demand. The purpose of this service is to provide assistance to the joint business group (KUBE) of Rantau Puri village through the use of local resources to be managed into regional superior products. The service will be held on October 2, 9 and 16, 2021. The methods used to achieve the objectives include: (a) socialization of the program to target groups, local government and communities (b) counseling on the use of local resources (c) skills training to target groups . The results of community service in the form of empowerment or assistance to women through the use of kepok bananas which are processed into banana chips, opaque and steak. The conclusion of this service is that there needs to be further assistance to the community to be wiser and skilled both in terms of skills and technology in the use of local resources.

A great many papers have considered and analysed the problems of local economic planning and development, and it was a pleasure to read Michael Teitz's contribution with its emphasis on the role of small business. There are, however, differences in approach among writers on local economic development and it is useful to explore such differences. At first reading, Teitz's analysis appears to demonstrate a systematic approach, for he first discusses the problem of local economic development and the ways in which we understand how local economies work before proceeding to a review of the question of intervention to stimulate economic development. The core of the problems seems to be the loss of sources of employment and income without any evident means of replacement. For his analysis of the understanding of local economies, Michael Teitz discusses three kinds of approach which have been adopted traditional, structural and developmental and gives examples of each. However, provisional conclusions such as the following are somewhat disappointing and unremarkable: 'No simple formula can be employed in every circumstance to generate development'; 'Each of the broad conceptual approaches discussed so far is reflected in corresponding economic development strategies, albeit imperfectly.' The section discussing intervention and planning in the local economy is a clear description of actual approaches in the USA and the UK, but the analysis does not

The transition to sustainable tourism in the European Union (EU) is increasingly shaped by green and digital transformation. However, the efficient use of local natural, cultural, human, and technological resources remains vital for enhancing sustainability and improving quality of life. This article examines how smart tourism destinations can operationalize sustainability through data-driven tools, stakeholder collaboration, and territorial assets. Using the SMART Sustainability Framework, it analyzes key indicators such as tourism intensity, digitalization levels, and green initiative adoption, with a focus on newer EU Member States. Case studies from Ljubljana, Gothenburg, Valencia, and Madeira illustrate varied approaches to integrating local resources via ICT, participatory governance, and sustainable mobility. Comparative analysis highlights significant disparities, with High Performers like Slovenia and Spain aligning digital innovation with local sustainability goals. The article concludes with policy recommendations to strengthen local capacities, scale digital tools, and promote place-based strategies for more inclusive and resilient tourism development.

Local economic development (LED) is a development process, in which sustainable policies and strategies are developed by local actors in accordance with the principle of governance, efforts are made to enhance human, social, and institutional capital to achieve local economic growth, and cooperation relationships and networking activities are established among local actors. Certain principles, concepts, and activities utilized within this process are given particular emphasis within the theoretical framework of LED and are crucial for its implementation and success. LED envisions relationships established among local actors based on the principle of governance, and sustainable LED policies, strategies, and tools are developed with the participation of all actors. The principle of sustainability is important for the self-continuity of LED by making use of local resources. LED policies and strategies involve activities aiming to improve social, human, and institutional capital to achieve economic development. The present study investigates and brings together the principles and activities that are frequently emphasized in the LED literature and considered important for the success of LED, within the scope of a review study. This study adopts the characteristics of a review article. By systematically examining these principles and activities within the theoretical framework of LED, the study is expected to provide a conceptual foundation for future research and serve as a reference for both researchers and policymakers.

This research aims to analyze the influence of local food resources on food security and its impact on the local economy. The background of the research departs from the condition of North Sulawesi Province which has unique geographical characteristics with abundant natural resources, agriculture, and fisheries. Nevertheless, this region still faces challenges in the form of dependence on food supply from outside, fluctuations in commodity prices, and suboptimal economic diversification based on local potential. The research method used is to use a quantitative approach with path analysis using SEM-PLS. Primary data was obtained from 82 respondents involved in local food management and utilization. The results of the study show that food security has a direct and significant effect on the local economy. Local food resources have also been shown to have a direct and significant effect on food security, but do not have a direct effect on the local economy. In addition, there is a significant indirect influence of local food resources through food security on the local economy. This research is expected to contribute to the government as a policymaker in encouraging food security based on local potential to improve the local economy, especially in North Sulawesi Province.

Local economic development is currently very intensively carried out in several regions in Indonesia. Local economic development is believed to be a holistic perspective to address regional economic problems based on local resources. Sumenep Regency is one of the regencies in East Java, which is currently developing several of Sumenep's superior agricultural commodities consisting of shallots, chili herbs, and Moringa into processed products that have added value to improve the community's economy. This research studies efforts to develop local economic resources in Sumenep Regency from a Collaborative Governance perspective, including initial conditions, leadership, institutional design, and collaboration processes. This study used a qualitative method. Interviews, documentation, and observation were used in data collection. The research results showed that adequate initial conditions have supported collaborative Governance in the development of local economic resources. However the collaboration process needs to be managed properly. This study recommends strengthening collaborative institutional designs and facilitative leadership on all fronts.

Military bases can be important agents for local and regional economic development. This article examines the role of military spending in local economic development in South Africa, a country which, under apartheid, had high levels of military spending. The local economic impacts are analyzed of three operational military bases at Potchefstroom, Louis Trichardt’ and Heidelberg. It is argued that the military assumes a significant role in local economies and should be used by localities as a basis for competitive advantage in planning for local economic development.