A multi-index appraisal and pollution risks of cadmium enrichment and corrosivity in the cretaceous Abeokuta formation, Ayetoro, Nigeria

In order to study the characteristics and factors influencing Cd accumulation in surface soils and crops in karst areas, and to provide a theoretical basis for safe land use, 360 surface soil samples, 7 deep soil samples, and 85 rice samples were collected from central Qianjiang District, Chongqing. The samples and 73 corn samples (corresponding to root-zone soil samples), were analysed to determine the content of Cd, TFe2 O3, Mn, organic matter (Corg), Se, and pH. Based on geostatistical analyses, the spatial distribution and Cd enrichment of the surface soils were determined and a safety evaluation for the soil and crops was carried out. The results showed that the spatial distribution of Cd in the surface soil was uneven, with the surface layer showing significant enrichment. This pattern was controlled by the soil parent material and human activities. The enrichment of surface layer was mainly affected by iron manganese oxides and organic matter (Corg). Soil Cd was mainly found at 'non-polluted' and 'lightly polluted' levels, although some areas present strong ecological risks. The main contaminated area occurs in association with Permian strata, demonstrating a geological control on soil Cd pollution. Slight-to-severe Cd pollution was identified in bulk crops; the recommended daily consumption limit for rice is 0.87 kg·d-1 and corn is 1.53 kg·d-1. The bioavailability of Cd is affected by soil pH and Se content. Under acidic conditions, Cd bioavailability is high, and crops in areas with high soil Se are safer. It is recommended that crops with low Cd accumulation are planted in the Permian outcrop area of Shuitian Township, or alternatively, soil pH should be adjusted to control the risk of Cd pollution and ensure safe land use. In addition, planting crops in areas with high soil Se content is preferable.