A MULTI-CRITERIA APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOCUSED ON THE PRIORITY ENHANCEMENT OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT

This study presents the results of qualitative research on the use of public transportation with private cars to understand attitudes. Some of the problems identified include: (1) an increase in the number of private vehicles in 2012-2015 by an average of 20 percent when compared to the number of existing roads and causing social problems so that it is necessary to reduce the use of private cars and increase the use of public transportation as a solution; (2) improve public transportation services following the expectations of users of transportation services; and (3) travel demand management is developed that public transport facilities are in line with demand. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis with data collection methods using in-depth interviews and focuses on group discussions with parties related to this research. The study's conclusion shows that people want convenience in using public transportation, namely comfort, security, low cost, and integration.

The rising fuel prices on September 3, 2022, are expected to reduce the use of private cars and increase the use of public transport. This expectation has raised optimism among public transport operators and is expected to encourage them to invest more. However, there is no evidence to support the expectation. Therefore, it is essential to study the effect of the fuel price on the use of a particular transport mode, thus motivating this study. This paper aims to investigate the impact of the rising costs of subsidized fuel on private cars. A Likert-scale type of questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed descriptively, and then a conclusion was made based on the results. The study found that the daily commute of respondents changed after fuel prices increased. Distance, duration, and frequency of travel tend to be reduced and prioritized over primary activities. To reduce travel costs, the respondents who usually use cars are more likely to use motorcycles than public transport. The findings of this study disprove that an increase in fuel prices would increase the use of public transport. Why is public transport less favoured compared to motorcycles? It seems that the quality of service provided by public transport fails to satisfy the consumers' needs.

A sharp decline in public transport use has been reported worldwide since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the virus spreads through close contacts, particularly in closed environments, public transport vehicles could be considered as hotspots for its transmission. However, public transport operations cannot be entirely stopped as many people in developing countries rely on them for their travel needs. This study aims to provide insights into people's travel mode choices during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data, i.e., 1,516 complete survey responses, were obtained through a questionnaire that was conducted in Lahore, Pakistan. A binary logistic model was developed using the collected data to model the likelihood of choosing solo or public transport modes during COVID-19. The results explained that the respondents preferred solo modes more than the public transport modes during the pandemic. Gender, income, education, profession, trip frequency, car ownership, motorbike ownership, and an underlying factor that was defined as “safety precautions” were found to be significant predictors of the public transport choice relative to solo modes. Females tend to choose public transport modes relative to solo modes as compared to males. Private vehicle (car or motorbike) owners were less likely to use public modes relative to solo modes when compared to those who do not own private vehicles. The outcomes of this study could be important for the government authorities, policymakers, and transport operators to understand the public transport use in developing countries during pandemics. Such information will be useful to devise regulations and preventive measures to control infectious diseases associated with public transport use, particularly in developing countries, where private transport options are limited.

The article is devoted to the problems of effective management of urban transport and logistics systems. The aim of the article is to highlight the paradigm of effective management of urban transport and logistics systems. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: to form the structure of the concept of transport and logistics system; to find out the essence of the city transport and logistics system; to systematize the risks that affect the efficiency of urban transport and logistics systems, and to explore the concept of managing these risks; provide modeling as a useful tool for designing and evaluating urban transport and logistics systems. The set goal has been achieved, and the tasks to achieve it have been completed. The goals of activities that can be achieved with the use of the city transport and logistics system were identified, in the context of which the factors influencing the city transport and logistics system are listed: mobility; environmental friendliness; viability; stability. The links between human security and the city's transport and logistics system have been identified. It was found that ICT and ITS allow to develop efficient and environmentally friendly urban delivery systems. An example of this is probabilistic or dynamic vehicle routing and scheduling with ITS-based time windows. The need for modeling for the public and private sectors is proved. It is shown that in the public sector, the risks associated with natural and man-made hazards in urban freight transport systems directly affect the public well-being and health of the population in emergencies. It has been proven that the public sector is interested in finding a reduction in damage to urban logistics facilities and rapid recovery from natural disasters in terms of delivery of goods needed to maintain a high quality of life in urban areas. The need to include uncertainty in the urban logistics model is described to ensure their good performance in the future. Various methods have been shown to account for uncertainties in supply chain modeling, such as scenario and contingency planning, decision trees, and stochastic programming. Simulation has been shown to be a useful tool for the design and evaluation of urban freight and logistics systems. It has been confirmed that urban transport systems need to be more resilient to limit the effects of natural disasters.

One of the key challenges facing modern cities is the need to ensure the effective functioning of the transportation system under growing mobility demands. Urban development, increasing employment rates, and the expansion of urban areas significantly increase the volume of trips, primarily through the use of private cars. Excessive motorization leads to overloading of road networks, traffic congestion, delays, reduced travel speeds, and longer trip durations. These problems result in a higher incidence of traffic accidents, deterioration of air quality, increased noise pollution, and rising greenhouse gas emissions. Such consequences pose direct threats to public health and environmental sustainability. In addition, a substantial part of urban space is allocated for parking and expansion of road infrastructure, which limits the development of public, recreational, and pedestrian areas. The combination of these factors contributes to the spread of chronic diseases, increases psycho-emotional stress levels, and reduces the overall quality of life in the city. In response to these challenges, there is an urgent need to shift from the current transport policy to a sustainable development paradigm. This approach emphasizes the prioritization of environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and socially inclusive modes of transport. Public transport plays a central role in this model, and enhancing its competitiveness and efficiency is essential for establishing a balanced and sustainable urban transport system. Providing high-quality public transport services helps reduce dependence on private vehicles, lowers traffic loads, and improves environmental conditions in urban areas. The evaluation of public transport performance should take into account not only the technical and economic indicators of transport operators but also passenger-related costs, which may be both objective and subjective. Furthermore, it is important to consider external costs caused by the negative environmental impacts of transport, particularly pollutant emissions into the atmosphere. Applying such a comprehensive approach enables a more accurate and well-grounded assessment of the efficiency of the transport system, which forms the basis for its further optimization within the framework of sustainable urban development. This article proposes a methodology for assessing the efficiency of public transport operation in the context of sustainable urban transport development, taking into account the costs incurred by transport operators, passengers, and the environmental impact of transport processes. Future research will focus on developing a target function for optimizing the urban transport system.

The article explains the role of public transport pricing. It proves the need for a systemic approach to building a modern public transit system. The authors argue that the main objective of the approach should be to reduce the use of private vehicles in the urban environment and increasing public transport use. It is proven that for the consumer of transport services the price per trip is an important factor when deciding whether to travel by car or by public transport. The authors analyze the available literature assessing the effects of widespread car ownership on users of the city transit system. Conflict situations that occur due to the unabated desire of city residents to travel by car are analyzed. A research method is proposed. It is shown that public transport fares have been growing in Russia at an accelerated pace when compared to the overall increase in prices of all goods and services, including motor vehicles, petrol and oils. The fare growth has resulted in a 3.6 fold drop in demand for public transport services over the 15 years being analyzed. Over the same period, the number of privately owned cars grew 120 percent. A conclusion is drawn that regular fare hikes have encouraged urban population to gradually opt against travelling by public transport. That resulted in higher demand for car travel and, eventually, in an accelerated growth in car usage. One can conclude that a persistent institutional trap has taken shape in Russian metropolises. Essentially, it means that higher public transport fares have led to lower demand for public transit services. As ridership goes down, public transport operators have to again increase prices, thus driving the demand for their services down. It is proven that escaping the trap will require restoring the ratio of prices to make sure that the price charged for a public transport trip is far lower than the cost of travelling by car. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of the factor of public transport fares on demand for private car usage and public transport ridership.

The perception of service quality among paratransit users in Metro Manila using structural equations modelling (SEM) approach

It is beneficial to adjust and improve urban public transport system based on urban spatial heterogeneity and urban spatial distribution of transit-oriented development through establishing reasonable evaluation indexes and evaluation method of coupling development between urban spatial structure and public transport system. Based on the inner connection between urban spatial structure and public transport system, the selection principle of evaluation indexes is determined from 5 aspects, such as reflecting the combination of urban planning and traffic planning, the dynamic development strategy of traffic mode, reasonable coordination of various public transport modes in space, the tendency of public transport policy and reasonable management mode. Based on the principle of index selection, the indexes are determined from the perspective of the mutual development of urban spatial structure and public transport. Fully combining the theory of urban design, transportation planning and economics, a set of effective evaluation system is set up, and the relationship between urban public transport and urban spatial is expressed more intuitively. Through the dimensionless treatment of the indexes and the determination of the weight, the coupling degree between urban spatial structure and public transport system is calculated and analyzed from a quantitative point of view.

This study discusses the human security costs and benefits generated by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic-induced state monopoly on the urban public transport system in Zimbabwe through the Zimbabwe United Passenger Company (ZUPCO) since March 2020. Using empirical evidence from Harare, it argues that the ZUPCO initiative had far-reaching safety and security implications on urban residents’ lives during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study found that though the ZUPCO initiative mainly benefited commuters through affordable fares, it had many human security costs. The costs included reduced safety and decreased and unreliable services, which exposed the commuting public to the risk of contracting COVID-19 and other security challenges. The state monopoly on urban transport exacerbated the social and economic impact of COVID-19, promoted inequalities, police corruption and urban residents’ use of informal transport services, which were unsafe and costly. The study concludes that the Zimbabwean government lacks the capacity to provide services in the urban transport sector, akin to nearly every sector in the country. As a stop-gap measure, the government is encouraged to regulate and allow private players to complement its efforts for the benefit, convenience, security, and safety of commuters until it develops an efficient urban public transport system.

The unrestrained growth in urbanization and motorization generally contributes to an urban land use and transport system that is socially, economically, and environmentally unsustainable. Urban mobility systems are much diversified in developing countries taking into account their components in terms of transport modes and the development path linked to the urban growth. This paper uses Cotonou as a case study, which is the largest urban and economic city of Benin. The paper first reviews literatures on sustainable transport systems to comprehend the concept of sustainable development and transport. Based on the municipal development plan (MDP) adopted by the local authorities, the paper then evaluates the existing transport policies, projects and infrastructure system, to determine if the current paradigm is moving toward or away from sustainable transport. Furthermore, the principles for sustainable urban transport are developed to see what significance municipal transport policies have given to urban transport from a sustainable transport point of view. Finally some strategies are suggested, adoption of which may lead to a sustainable urban development and transport system in the city of Cotonou.Key words: Sustainable development; urbanization; Bus Rapid Transit; socio-economic; land use and urban transport system.

Public transport users versus private vehicle users: Differences about quality of service, satisfaction and attitudes toward public transport in Madrid (Spain)

Health impact assessment of urban and transport developments in Barcelona: A case study.

Problem. The analysis of existing studies on transport hub operation in a city as well as on the methods for modelling the transport demand they generate showed that there are no specific recommendations for assessing the impact of the intercity bus station location on the trip patterns in urban transport system. This caused the need to search for a tool suitable to assess the influence of intercity bus station relocation on passenger service and passenger flows in the urban transport system. This paper shows the results of addressing this issue respective to urban public transport operation. Goal. The goal of the paper is to model the passenger flows to and from intercity bus stations considered transport anchors in urban public transport system as well as estimate the impact of station relocation on passenger flows and quality of service. Methodology. To achieve the stated goal, a survey of intercity passengers at the bus stations in the city of Rivne was made. This allowed for collecting the distances of the trips to and from existing bus stations and fitting the theoretical distribution to describe them. This distribution was used as the deterrence function during trip matrix calculation, which was required for the development of the public transport model. The model made it possible to quantify the potential impact of the Bus Station “Rivne” relocation on the urban transport system. Results. The considered bus station relocation can cause a decrease in the quality of service for passengers travelling to and from the station by public transport due to a probable significant increase in the average travel time and distance, the number of transfers, the passenger hours spent on travelling, and the passenger-kilometres covered to ensure the trips under study. Originality For the first time, the quantitative estimation of the impact of bus station relocation based on the regularities in the lengths of the trips to and from the stations was obtained. Practical value. The obtained trip length distribution can be used to calculate the origin-destination matrix, develop the public transport model, and quantify the probable consequences of the transport hub relocation.

This study analysed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the urban transport systems in Lodz and Bratislava, focusing on changes in mobility behaviour, public transport efficiency, and road congestion. To analyse the efficiency of the road network, traffic microsimulations were conducted. For the assessment of public transport efficiency, comparable data on yearly volumes of passengers carried by public transport operators in the two cities were applied. The results confirm that the pandemic triggered significant, though mostly temporary, changes in the use of both personal and public transport. The findings indicate that the pandemic influenced both the organisation and use of urban transport systems. In both cities, public transport ridership declined sharply due to lockdowns and travel restrictions, forcing operators to adjust schedules, reduce service frequencies, and implement additional health measures. Simultaneously, car traffic patterns were also disrupted, with the early stages of the pandemic bringing a reduction in congestion, followed by a return to pre-pandemic levels. The pandemic proved that more emphasis should be placed on developing intelligent transport management systems to better adapt to changing conditions and the preferences of road users.

The urban public transport system comprises various networks representing different transportation modes with complex internal connections. The common single-layer complex network cannot fully describe the interior characteristics of the system. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-layer network modeling method for the urban public transport system, which couples different traffic networks into multi-layer networks. We also proposed a centrality measurement of node transfer and designed an attack strategy called the multi-metric joint. The simulation experiment using the geographic information data of Chengdu urban public transport shows that the modeling method can completely and accurately describe the natural urban public transport system. And the multi-metric joint attack strategy is more effective than the traditional attack strategy, which will cause more severe damage to the network. This paper provides a new perspective and method for multilayer network modeling and vulnerability analysis of urban public transport systems.