Abstract
In Southeast Asian cities, it is common for logistic companies to operate a heterogeneous fleet of delivery vehicles with motorcycles being the preferred vehicle to handle the final phase of delivery. In such scenarios, heterogeneous fleet vehicle routing problem (HFVRP) is generally applied to plan an optimal delivery. However, in many downtown cores of large and rapidly developing Southeast Asian cities, HFVRP is neither viable nor reliable because of road usage restrictions. The purpose of this article is to develop and test a different approach that accurately takes these restrictions into account and provides viable and more sustainable results. Restrictions in this paper refer to situations of urban areas in Vietnam where (i) certain vehicle types are prohibited in specified areas or where narrow alleyways limit the utilization of vehicles that exceed the road capacity and (ii) certain roads are exclusive to certain vehicle types. In networks, limited access and exclusive lanes are represented as links, or arcs, exclusive to one or another. Taking these limitations into consideration, we have developed a unique model, which we have termed Vehicle Routing Problem with Exclusive Links (VRP-EL). The model was validated and tested for its performance on scenarios with varying ratios of exclusive links. Scenarios up to 500 customers were tested on a meta-heuristic algorithm, simulated annealing. VRP-EL produces realistic outcomes. Limiting certain links to be selected according to vehicle types increases overall travel distance. However, this increase outweighs the cost of re-planning and rerouting had they not been constrained initially. The reduction in traveling distance leads to fossil fuel reduction for the overall system. The estimation of reduced carbon emissions through applying the proposed model is presented. Considering the severe traffic congestion and carbon emissions caused by motorcycles in Vietnam, the proposed model leads to a sustainable road environment.
Highlights
Of all the possible modes of private transportation, the motorcycle is, by far, the most common mode in many urban centers in Southeast Asia [1]
This paper models Vehicle Routing Problem with Exclusive Links (VRP-EL) and tests the model’s performance in scenarios with different numbers of customers and ratios of exclusive links
It is noted that the model we propose is not limited only to the Vietnamese case or to the high motorcycle density cases
Summary
Of all the possible modes of private transportation, the motorcycle is, by far, the most common mode in many urban centers in Southeast Asia [1]. In Vietnam, motorcycles account for 95% of all motor vehicles [2]. Almost 80% of all private vehicles in Indonesia are motorcycles, and the numbers are growing at a rate of 12% per year [3,4]. In Taiwan, motorcycles represent 67% of all motor vehicles [5,6]. In Thailand, some 56% of all registered motor vehicles are motorcycles [7]. Motorcycles comprise the lion’s share of vehicles in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) with some 20 million in number [8]
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