A Model for Developing Political Training Curriculum for Political Parties in Indonesia

In Indonesia and India the participation of women in politics is influenced by their traditional social roles. This implies that gender ideology, cultural patterns, and previously determined conceptions of suitable social roles dictate the roles of men and women. Although there is a quota system for ensuring that the representation of women in democratic representation reaches the ‘critical minimum of 30%, it is a sad fact that gender sensitivity towards women as a political class is still severely lacking among the political parties both in Indonesia and in India. This is caused by the patriarchal gender bias against women that is inherent in political parties itself and also due to the lack of political education in gender sensitivity for both men and women. In Indonesia and India, the gender sensitivity of secular political parties is almost same but for the Muslim political parties, Indonesia has better condition than in India. Keywords: gender sensitivity, political parties, India, Indonesia

Indonesia's democratic political parties developed rapidly after the end of the New Order era (1966–1998). Based on extensive fieldwork, this book provides a new and necessary perspective on the activities, administration, and membership of the local branches of four large parties. The author also addresses why some political parties in Indonesia have managed to strengthen their institutional base while others have failed to do the same. A significant contribution to understanding grassroots party organization in Indonesia, this timely volume provides insight into the state of parties in advance of the 2014 elections.

Political parties are not sacred, so they can be dissolved according to the provisions of the applicable laws. The mechanism for dissolving political parties in each country is certainly different. So this research aims to examine the differences in mechanisms for the dissolution of political parties in Indonesia and Turkey. This research is legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results of this research show that the mechanism for dissolving political parties in Indonesia and Turkey is both submitted to the Constitutional Court. Still, specifically for Turkey, it must go through the Court of Cassation first. The applicant who can apply for the dissolution of a political party in Indonesia is the Government which can be represented by the Attorney General and/or the Minister assigned by the President while in Turkey the person who can apply is the Chief Public Prosecutor. The reasons for the dissolution of political parties in Indonesia are because (i) the ideology, principles, objectives, and programs of political parties conflict with the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia; (ii) carrying out activities that endanger the integrity and safety of the Republic of Indonesia; and (iii) adhere to, develop and spread the teachings or understanding of communism/Marxism-Leninism. Meanwhile, the reasons for the dissolution of political parties in Turkey are: (i) the statutes and programs, as well as the activities of political parties be contrary to the independence of the State, its indivisible integrity with its territory and nation, human rights, the principles of equality and rule of law, sovereignty of the nation, the principles of the democratic and secular republic; (ii) aim to promote or establish class or group dictatorship or dictatorship of any kind, nor shall they incite citizens to crime; and (iii) receive financial assistance from abroad.

This research formulates several problems, namely: 1) why do reasons and applicants for the dissolution of political party in Indonesia need to be extended in the request?, 2) how is the ius constituendum of the stage of the application for the dissolution of political party in Indonesia? The research method used a juridical normative method by using a philosophical approach and a legislative approach. The results of the research show that corruption must also be included in one of the reasons for the dissolution of a political party, because corruption is a crime that can cause harm for the community. As for the extension of applicants, the urgency can be viewed from four factors. First, the principle of popular sovereignty that adopted by Indonesia. Second, the concept of rechtsstaat that adopted by Indonesia. Third, giving the government the role to be the only applicant in the application for dissolution of a political party will obstruct the process of supervision of political party carried out by the people. Fourth, one of the political party financial resources are from the APBN / APBD, so people reserve the right for the accountability of the use of APBD/APBN by political party. There are two stages in the constituendum of the dissolution of political parties in Indonesia, namely: 1) the stage of submitting an application to the Constitutional Court, 2) the stage of trial in the Constitutional Court. The trial stage consists of five stages: First, preliminary examination. Second, the follow-up trial. Third, the verification process. Fourth, Judicial Consultation Meeting (JCM). Fifth, the reading of the decision by the constitutional judges

Since Indonesia's independence until the reformation of the Indonesian nation, the country's political system has not been one that is purely derived from the socio-cultural values of the Indonesian nation itself, but rather one that utilizes the political culture of the Dutch colonial government. This has been the case from the time of Indonesia's independence until the nation's reformation. The existence of political parties in Indonesia is also impacted as a result of this. The purpose of this study is to investigate the roles that political parties have played in Indonesia's political system since the country's recent reforms. In this investigation, a qualitative strategy is combined with a descriptive research approach. The findings of the study indicate that after the reform in Indonesia, political parties are not able to properly function as pillars of democracy in the political system in Indonesia. Instead, political parties in Indonesia prefer to sacrifice their party ideology, which is the defining characteristic of the party, in order to simply receive the highest number of votes possible. Because of this, political parties in Indonesia exhibit the characteristics of floating parties.

This research is to know how the provisions regarding the legal standing dissolution of political parties in the country of democracy, namely Indonesia and Germany, and know the legal position of the applicant in the case of dissolution of political parties in Indonesia in accordance with the principles of democracy, this is based on studies with the German state. This research uses the type of normative research, in this research method of data collection is done by Library Research technique, by studying the literature, rules of invite-invitations, books, official documents, and writings of scholars related to this thesis. The Data has been compiled and analyzed using a juridical normative method or qualitative method, which is a study that specialized in the study based on the legal theories that are then associated with legislation.The approach used in this research is a statutory approach as well as an analytical approach. The results of this research showed a comparison of legal standing applicants for the dissolution of political parties in Indonesia with Germany, where Indonesia has similarities with the German state that both have a multi-party system as well as the authority to dissolution its political party owned by the Constitutional Court, but in the application of a legal standing applicant dissolution of a different political party, which German , the implementation is already based on the principle of democracy, unlike Indonesia which legal standing applicants only government only, of course this is not based on the principle of democracy state when mirrored to the German state. That there should be other parties who become applicants in the case of the dissolution of political parties in Indonesia, namely the DPR and DPD, it reflects the life of a democratic country and the oversight of the political parties and governments who become parties in the application of the dissolution of the political party, for that it is necessary to study the authority of the applicant in the dissolution of political parties in

This research is to know how the provisions regarding the legal standing dissolution of political parties in the country of democracy, namely Indonesia and Germany, and know the legal position of the applicant in the case of dissolution of political parties in Indonesia in accordance with the principles of democracy, this is based on studies with the German state. This research uses the type of normative research, in this research method of data collection is done by Library Research technique, by studying the literature, rules of invite-invitations, books, official documents, and writings of scholars related to this thesis. The Data has been compiled and analyzed using a juridical normative method or qualitative method, which is a study that specialized in the study based on the legal theories that are then associated with legislation.The approach used in this research is a statutory approach as well as an analytical approach. The results of this research showed a comparison of legal standing applicants for the dissolution of political parties in Indonesia with Germany, where Indonesia has similarities with the German state that both have a multi-party system as well as the authority to dissolution its political party owned by the Constitutional Court, but in the application of a legal standing applicant dissolution of a different political party, which German , the implementation is already based on the principle of democracy, unlike Indonesia which legal standing applicants only government only, of course this is not based on the principle of democracy state when mirrored to the German state. That there should be other parties who become applicants in the case of the dissolution of political parties in Indonesia, namely the DPR and DPD, it reflects the life of a democratic country and the oversight of the political parties and governments who become parties in the application of the dissolution of the political party, for that it is necessary to study the authority of the applicant in the dissolution of political parties in

combination of presidential government systems and multi-party systems as a system of Indonesian state has led to a government that does not effective and stable. The formulation of the problem which is the focus of the study in this paper, namely how is the legal politics of simplification of political parties in Indonesia for the period 2004-2014. The research method used in this study is normative. Based on the results of the study, the authors obtained answers to the existing problems, that the legal politics of simplifying political parties in Indonesia is democratic legal politics, but the legal politics of simplifying political parties in Indonesia should not only be directed at simplifying political parties in parliament, but also simplifying political parties in political parties participating in the general election.

Political parties are often in the spotlight because of the corrupt behavior of their members with the aim of party interests. The forms of criminal acts of corruption by cadres or political party administrators have various modes, including bribery, buying and selling positions, extorting strategic sectors, harming state finances, abuse of authority and misuse of budgets in development programs. Although there are many cases where political parties are suspected of being in the vortex of enjoying the proceeds of criminal acts of corruption, until now criminal responsibility is still borne by individuals, whether cadres or administrators of political parties. This study aims to provide an overview of the criminal liability arrangements of political parties in corruption in Indonesia and to conduct a comparative study of the accountability of political parties in Indonesia and South Korea. The research method used is non-doctrinal by taking secondary data sources with legal, conceptual and grammatical approaches. The results show that Indonesia still includes political parties as corporations, however, political parties in Indonesia are legal entities that cannot be held criminally responsible. South Korea is an example of a country that regulates criminal acts of political parties through their respective laws. In general, South Korea imposes criminal responsibility on persons or administrators of party members, not on the party itself.

<p>This is the first such study of the use of Internet by political parties in Indonesia. It also documents parties’ websites performance index and online popularity for campaigning in 2019. The purpose of this comparative study is to look at how the Internet was used by Indonesian political parties approaching the 2019 elections. Internet campaign consists of two parts: online presence through political party website, and political marketing through social media. Total of 16 parties participating the elections next year were examined for how they are utilizing official websites and social media platforms. We created an index based on list of website features (scoring system) and then classify it into 4 variables (information provision, mobilization, engagement, and technological sophistication) containing 43 features. We also visualise the descriptive statistical analysis on parties’ social media accounts using RStudio software. The study found that despite half of Indonesian national population is using the Internet, political parties were not yet achieving their maximum potential in using the digital media to disseminate political messages and propaganda. The quality of most of the websites have been subpar. In addition, the quality seems to have no relationship with the financial resources and the current parliamentary size of political parties. On average, official social media accounts run by parties has only been used in the last 3.25 years. Well-established older parties in Indonesia continue to engage with their constituents without heavily relying on social media. Yet, this situation is very likely to change in the future as parties’ elites are now beginning to look into this platform as they seek out to the millennials for electoral support.</p>

Legal Standing The dissolution of political parties in Indonesia has never been given to Indonesian citizens. Legal Standing has always been given to the government. This affirmation is contained in Article 68 of the Constitutional Court Law and also confirmed in the Constitutional Court Decision No. 53/PUU-IX/2011 that the phrase “Government” in the dissolution of a political parties is the President. This makes citizens feel that the Government has monopolized legal standing because citizens did not have the same legal standing as the Government. This research aims to discuss the legal standing of citizens in the dissolution of political parties using an Islamic human rights perspective. The research method used is qualitative research using a normative juridical approach, namely conducting research using literature on the reality of the legal standing of disbanding political parties in Indonesia using an Islamic human rights perspective. From the results of this research, it is stated that (1) Legal standing in the dissolution of political parties in Indonesia is in accordance with Article 68 of the Constitutional Court Law that the applicant for the dissolution of political parties is the Government. (2) Based on the analysis of the legal standing of citizens in the dissolution of political parties according to the perspective of human rights in Islam, the legal standing that is only given to the government is not in line with human rights in Islam on, a) the principle of justice. b) Not in accordance with the principle of equality. and c) Not in accordance with the principle of freedom of expression.

Decentralization in political parties has become an important topic in contemporary political studies, as it is believed to strengthen internal party democracy and encourage broader member involvement in decision-making. This study aims to explore how decentralization can play a role in enhancing internal democracy within political parties. The main focus of this research is to identify the factors that cause centralization in political parties, how decentralization can increase member participation in decision-making, and the impact of decentralization on the quality of internal democracy in political parties. The approach used in this study is descriptive qualitative research with a case study on several political parties in Indonesia that have implemented or are considering implementing decentralization. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with party leaders at both central and regional levels, party cadres, as well as political experts. Additionally, an analysis of the internal party documents was conducted. The analysis aims to provide a deeper understanding of the implementation of decentralization and its impact on the internal dynamics of political parties. The results of the study show that decentralization has the potential to increase member participation in decision-making processes that are more inclusive and responsive to local conditions. Respondents indicated that decentralization opens up more space for regional cadres to present ideas and make decisions that are more relevant to local community needs. However, the main challenge identified in this study is the issue of oversight and management, which could lead to fragmentation within the party's structure. This indicates that while decentralization has significant potential, its implementation must be carried out carefully to avoid risks that could harm party unity. This study concludes that decentralization can improve internal democracy within political parties, provided that an effective communication system between the central and regional levels exists, as well as adequate supervision to prevent the abuse of power. This research makes a significant contribution to the development of democratization theory in political parties in Indonesia and can serve as a reference for political parties that seek to implement a more effective decentralization structure.

The level of public trust in political parties in Indonesia is currently experiencing a decline due to the lack of transparency by political parties regarding financial reports, activities, and the membership structure of political parties. This is exacerbated by many individuals within political parties who are involved in corruption cases or misappropriation of party funds. As a result, the public expects that the budgets of political organizations must be transparent for the public to trust political parties, which are organizations that reflect the hopes and desires of society. The current study seeks to grasp political parties' attempts to attain budget transparency to actualize the concept of good governance from the standpoint of fiqh siyasah. This study is a juris-normative study, which is a legal study that is constructed conceptually through law-in-books by exploring legal and non-legal literature. According to the findings of this study, budget transparency in political parties is one aspect of achieving good governance. In fiqh siyasah, budget transparency is an obligation as ordered by Allah SWT through QS. al-Baqarah (2): 282 and 283. In addition, some hadiths describe the nature of Abu Bakr Ash Siddiq's openness in managing the finances of Baitul Mal. Therefore, transparency of the fund's budget is an obligatory effort by every political party in Indonesia to ensure good governance.

Political communication is a form of message delivery characterized by political messages with the aim of influencing the masses. The presence of social media is certainly used as a communication tool by political parties, legislative candidates, government and activists. Social media plays an important role in letting political parties inform the general public about their political activities. Social media is used for political purposes by political parties because with social media the audience can be easily influenced. The aim of this research is to find out how the NasDem political party manages its social media to communicate with the public, especially in terms of increasing the party's popularity and electability. The method used in this research is a qualitative research method with a sociological approach. The object of this research is the social media of the NasDem Party, which is one of the political parties in Indonesia. The data needed in this research is divided into 2 (two) sources, namely primary data and secondary data. The methods used to search for data in this research were observation, interviews and document study. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the unanimous strategy of the National Democratic Political Party (NasDem) in its efforts to provide a boost to its electoral electability is considered to be running smoothly, and the results benefit the NasDem political party itself. So that the NasDem Political Party has succeeded in proving its ability to compete with other major political parties in Indonesia.

The presidential threshold is a rule that becomes a political requirement for a political party to carry presidential and vice presidential candidates. The existence of this rule can potentially cause restrictions on citizens in running for president and restrictions on political parties in carrying their candidates to the presidency and vice presidency. The presidential threshold journey in coloring the elections in Indonesia has also undergone material testing and a lawsuit by the Constitutional Court. Therefore, this study aims to discuss the practice of the Presidential threshold in the implementation of elections in Indonesia and its relation to the political rights of citizens and political parties in Indonesia. This study is a field research study with a study into the field and using a non-doctrinal approach that is the enactment of law. Primary Data was obtained by interview techniques to the KPU RI, political parties, and legal experts. Furthermore, the secondary data consists of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. This legal research uses descriptive analysis to obtain research results. The results showed that the practice of Presidential threshold has existed since the enactment of the first presidential and vice presidential elections. The political rights of citizens and political parties do not necessarily disappear, they only become conditional. Political parties also have the same opportunity to nominate the president and vice president by carrying their own or joining and forming coalitions with other parties.