A mixed marine/non-marine mollusk assemblage from the Middle Miocene of Hidas (Hungary)

Mollusk-dominated fossil assemblages from the marine Miocene bioprovinces of Europe (the Boreal province and the Paratethys) were analyzed by using bulk samples collected hierarchically across several spatiotemporal scales. The study explores quantitative patterns recorded by benthic mollusk assemblages (including implications for paleogeographic, biostratigraphic, and paleoenvironmental patterns), and the relationship between spatiotemporal scale of analysis and levels of variability in paleontological data. A total of 8455 specimens from 23 samples were collected from siliciclastic sediments (clay and sand) at 12 localities from France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Austria, and Hungary. With the exception of one sample of Serravallian age from the southeastern North Atlantic, all samples came from Burdigalian and Langhian deposits of the Paratethys and the Boreal province. All specimens were identified to species level (297 species total), classified in terms of ecology, and analyzed by using multivariate and computer-intensive methods. The analyses focused on (1) bivalve/gastropod ratios, (2) diversity levels, (3) multivariate taxonomic and ecological patterns, and (4) multivariate Euclidean distances between samples compared at five different scales (within sites, within localities, within facies, among facies, among provinces). The bivalve/gastropod ratio is a highly volatile parameter; thus, its informative value is highly limited. The estimates of alpha diversity (sample species richness) standardized by rarefaction indicate that fossil assemblages of the Boreal province display higher diversity levels than those of the Paratethys. This result is consistent with the general tendency of isolated epicontinental basins to display impoverished fauna and may be due to geographic barriers limiting larval dispersal and to environmental instabilities inherent to marginal environments of epicontinental seaways. Rarefactions of pooled data indicate that, for both provinces, the taxonomic turnover among sites (beta diversity) accounts for 30%–40% of species diversity. Multivariate analyses indicate that biogeographic variation between the provinces is the most important factor controlling differences among samples, whereas facies type and stratigraphic position of samples play a secondary role. The strong biogeographic signature is consistent with recent paleogeographic reconstructions that suggest a lack of a direct marine connection between the two provinces at that time. The relatively poorer discrimination of mollusk assemblages across facies and biostratigraphic stages reflects the overriding role of the middle Miocene biogeography in controlling the composition of mollusk assemblages. The hierarchical multivariate analysis shows that with the increase in the scale of observation (within sites, within localities, within facies, among facies, among provinces), the average multivariate distance between samples increases continuously—new heterogeneities that add notable amounts of new variation exist at each scale of observation. The highest increase is observed for the “among provinces” comparison level, again indicating the major role of geographic sources of variation in the data. The hierarchical approach provides a rigorous way to quantify the effects of scale-dependent sources of variability on paleontological patterns.

This is a study of the fossil record of marine Miocene beds in South Jutland, Denmark. The beds have been defined as the Arnum formation and referred to the middle Miocene Hemmoor stage as known in Northwest Germany. The object of the work is to increase knowledge of the Danish Miocene and to contribute data on the development of the North Sea Basin during Miocene time.The introduction deals with the history of Tertiary stratigraphy in Europe and some related problems. Discrepancies and uncertainties regarding the correlation and dating of beds in the separate basins have been particularly emphasized. It is often possible to trace disagreements to the acceptance of unsound fossil evidence. Therefore it is concluded that the lithologic and fossil records of the individual basins should be known in much greater detail before adequate inferences as to the contemporaneity of particular beds can be made. It is also suggested that guide fossils should only be designated when statistically justified.The chapters on the South Jutland Miocene contain an outline of the geo-graphic distribution of the formations, a lithologic description of the water well sections from which the fossil material was derived, and definitions of the Arnum formation (marine) and the underlying Ribe formation (non-marine). The following formations are now recognized in the Miocene sequence of South Jutland:Gram formation: late Miocene Arnum formation and Ribe formation: middle Miocene Klintinghoved formation: early Miocene.The chapters on paleontology consist of a description of the molluscan fauna of the Arnum formation, a discussion of the environmental relationships of recent mollusca, and a section on biostratigraphy and paleobiology.The description of species follows a rigid pattern. The intention being to include as many pertinent facts as possible while using a minimum of technical terms. The variation of shell properties is illustrated by diagrams in a few species, and in some families genetic features have been particularly discussed. The chapter is terminated by a short review and some conclusions regarding the significance of shell morphology.The chapter on environmental relationships of recent mollusca includes discussion of the effects of inanimate environments on shell morphology and the distribution of mollusca. It is maintained that the reaction of recent mollusca to variations in their environment should be known in greater detail in order to provide a sound basis for biostratigraphic conclusions depending on the evidence of fossil mollusca.A discussion of the commonly adopted correlation procedures initiates the chapters dealing with biostratigraphy and paleobiology. It is shown that the "percentage" method by which faunas are correlated on the basis of percentages of species in common should be regarded with much criticism. New correlation formulae, in which are included the total numbers of species in the faunas involved are suggested. It is shown by these formulae and other evidence that the fauna of the Arnum formation in its entirety is apparently in better agreement with the Reinbek and Hemmoor faunas of Germany than with any other fauna of the North Sea Basin.The paleobiological analysis of the fauna of the Arnum formation is based on: the biology of living species; the actual frequencies of the mollusca in the different drilled sections; and the environmental relationships of recent mollusca. It is inferred that a decrease in salinity took place during deposition of the formation. The faunules of the different fossiliferous levels are shown to be derivatives of one community: the Aporrhais alata - Nassa sp.sp. community which inhabited relatively shallow waters of the middle Miocene North Sea Basin.In conclusion some comments are made on the correlation of the well sections as supported by paleobiology. The Nassa cimbrica and N. Fuchsi zones are defined, and the different elevations of correlated levels in the drilled sections are related to structural displacements.

The Konkian (Middle Miocene) foraminiferal assemblages and molluscs from five Wells situated in Southern Ukraine were studied in order to correlate the palaeoecology and biostratigraphy of the coeval palaeobasins with different environmental conditions. The article contains comprehensive analysis of controversial issues of the Konkian stratigraphy of the Eastern Paratethys and additional keys for determination of Konkian development phases by foraminifera and molluscs. Five stenohaline normal-marine, two euryhaline and one mixed foraminiferal assemblage were identified in different levels in the investigated wells with the analysis of their accordance to different molluscs assemblages. The study defines an isochronous foraminiferal assemblage for some wells, suggests a palaeoecological and stratigraphic reconstruction of the middle Miocene sediments in the Eastern Black Sea Region and recognizes two models of development of the Konkian foraminiferal assemblages. These models show the differences between environmental conditions in the shallow-water basin of the Eastern Black Sea Region and deeper water basin of the Kerch Peninsula at that time. While the Eastern Black Sea Region was influenced by frequent and abrupt changes in environmental conditions during almost all Konkian time, a relatively deeper basin of the Kerch Peninsula had a successive phase. The late Konkiantime created similar depositional conditions for both basins.

Cenozoic biostratigraphy of South Korea

Belgrade area is a region of high paleobiodiversity, being ranked among the best known in Serbia. The prominent position among a number of Middle Miocene (Badenian) fossiliferous sites in the vicinity of Belgrade (southern Pannonian Basin, Central Paratethys) are occupied with sediments of Rakovica stream, also known as ?Rakovica sands?. Here, the integrated evidence based on new fossil findings of calcareous nannoplankton, foraminifera and molluscs assemblages, allows the stratigraphic revision of the clastic facies of the Rakovica succession. Based on the studies of lithological composition, high paleodiversity molluscs fauna and local palaeogeographical setting, it can be concluded with reasonable certainty that deposits of Rakovica stream entitled ?Rakovica sand? represents a sandstone of the shallow marine (littoral) environment during Lower Badenian time. Large benthic foraminifera Ammonia viennensis (d?ORBigny), and Borelis haueri (d?ORBigny) as well as zone marker nn5 Sphaenolithus heteromorphus defLandRe correspond to this biostratigraphic level. during the late early Miocene and Middle Miocene (Badenian), the climate in the Central Paratehys was mainly subtropical. This is supported at its southern margin by the presence of thermophilous mollusc taxa, as well as the Conidae, Strombidae, Xenophoridae, Pleurotomidae, Turridae, Muricidae, etc. Consequently, the investigated deposit can be ascribed to the early Badenian which biostratigraphically corresponds to the nn5 nannozone by correlation with successions in theirs type-areas to the Central Paratethys, and defines preciously the time of the marine transgression in this area.

In the Miocene, a large wetland system extended from the Andean foothills into western Amazonia. This system has no modern analogue and the driving mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Dynamic topography and Andean uplift are thought to have controlled deposition, with allocyclic base level changes driven by eustasy and orbital forcing also playing a role. In this study we investigate the presumed orbital cyclicity that controlled sediment deposition, while also assessing sediment source and biomes in the Miocene wetland. We do this by integrating lithological, palynological, malacological and geochemical data from the Los Chorros site (Amazon River, Colombia), and by placing our data in a sequence stratigraphic framework. In this sequence biostratigraphic evaluation, the Los Chorros succession is visualized to be composed of a series of flood-fill packages, with a rapid initial flood, marine-influenced conditions at the time of maximum flood, followed by a longer regressive infill phase. Based on the palynology we could differentiate local vegetation, such as palm swamps, from regional origin such as terra firme vegetation (non-flooded Amazonian forest) and Andean montane forest, while from sediment geochemistry we could separate local and regional sediment sources. At the times of flooding, oligotrophic and eutrophic aquatic conditions alternatively characterized the wetland, as is shown by the presence of algae, floating ferns, and mollusc assemblages, while intervening subaquatic debris points to proximal submerged lowlands. In the lower 20 m of the section, marine influences are intermittently evident and shown by short-lived maxima of mangrove pollen, foraminiferal test linings, dinoflagellate cysts, coastal mollusc species, and an episodic decline in terrestrial biomarkers. The upper 5 m of the section is characterized by floodplain forest taxa with a diversity in tropical rain forest taxa and relatively few lacustrine indicators. These marine, mangrove, and lacustrine indicators suggest that the outcrops at Los Chorros represent predominant marine-influenced lacustrine conditions during periods of sea level highstand. The sequence biostratigraphic evaluation further points to eight 41 kyr obliquity-driven depositional cycles, with rapid phases of transgression. Mangrove elements would have colonised within the timeframe of each sea level rise. Based on this relative age constraint and comparison to regional records, deposition likely took place prior to the 13.8 Myr global sea level fall, and most likely during the period just after 14.5 Ma, between Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO; 17–14 Ma) and Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT; 14.7–13.8 Ma). Palynological evidence further suggests that to the west, surface elevation ranged from ~1000 up to ~3500 m and hosted protoparamo vegetation, the oldest yet reported and in agreement with predictions from molecular studies. In contrast, contemporaneous sites to the northeast of the wetland consisted of fluvial and cratonic formations, as shown by their Nd and Sr isotopic sediment signature. In summary, our data lead to an improved understanding of how geological and astronomical mechanisms controlled the floral and faunal distribution and controlled sediment deposition in western Amazonia during the middle Miocene. As Miocene conditions strongly contrast with modern western Amazonia, our data provide an important context for the deep time history and evolution of the modern western Amazon rainforest. • We used a sequence biostratigraphic approach to evaluate cyclic deposition in the Miocene wetland of Western Amazonia. • Repeated flood-fill packages were deposited just after 14.5 Ma, during the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum. • Local vegetation was formed of mangroves, palm and fern swamps, and terra firme lowland. • Molluscs and algae reflect changing salinity, nutrient levels, and water depths. • Sediments and sporomorphs point at the Andes as principal sediment source, with the Amazon craton as additional supplier. • In the mid-Miocene the Andes already had elevations of up to 3500 m and hosted a protoparamo.

A mollusk assemblage with Anodontites aff. elongatus (Swainson), Anodontites trapesialis (Lamarck), Anodontites sp., Diplodon aff. delodontus Lamarck and the gastropod Pomacea aff. canaliculata Lamarck is described. This fauna, together with at least three species of the bivalve genus Neocorbicula Fisher, ostracods of the genus Cyprideis Jones and Charophyta indet. are from the Middle Miocene San Jose Formation, from the locality of Quebrada de Mal Paso, near Tolombon in the northern Santa Maria valley (Salta Province). The association would indicate tropical and/ or subtropical fresh water bodies, zoogeographically belonging to the Neotropic Region. Keywords: mollusks, San Jose Formation, Middle Miocene, Northwestern Argentina.

Early and middle Tertiary molluscan faunas of the California Coast Ranges are characterized by taxa now living far south in tropical and subtropical latitudes. Unusually large percentages of warm-water molluscan genera in Eocene and Miocene faunas of the San Joaquin basin reflect episodes during which the climate was substantially warmer than at present. Sharp decreases in warm-water genera and in taxonomic diversity during the middle Oligocene represent an intervening climatic deterioration. Parallel faunal trends occur in other Tertiary basins of the California Coast Ranges. The post-Oligocene climatic amelioration reached a peak during middle Miocene time; tropical and subtropical genera were nearly four times as abundant as during the Oligocene climatic minimum. Percentages of warm-water genera declined during the late Miocene and dropped sharply during the early Pliocene. The last significantly large element of tropical and subtropical molluscan genera is found in the late Miocene of the San Joaquin basin. By the late Pliocene, molluscan assemblages were of temperate aspect and comparable to those now living at that latitude. The Miocene climatic peak indicated by mollusks is reflected by parallel trends in taxonomic diversity of foraminiferal faunas recently reported by other workers. End_of_Article - Last_Page 561------------

The stratigraphy of the Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation is explained by the identification of the new Saladar and Arriola Members. The molluscan fauna comprises 38 genera and 44 species, 17 of which are new: Anadara australis sp. nov., Cubitostrea delrioi sp. nov., Amusium rorii sp. nov., Zygochlamys rizzoloi sp. nov., Pododesmus (Monia) atlantica sp. nov., Tawera canalei sp. nov., Dosinia (Dosinia) salarensis sp. nov., 'Spirocolpus' adapicis sp. nov., Torcula magna sp. nov., Magnatica hansi sp. nov., Eudolium lissiei sp. nov., Sconsia magdai sp. nov., Chicoreus (Chicoreus) guadalupei sp. nov., Penion patagonensis sp. nov., Mitra (Fusimitra) carlosi sp. nov., Austroimbricaria brugnii sp. nov. y Polystira cingula sp. nov. The NVG (Nodipecten sp.-Venericor abasolensis- Glycymerita camaronesia) Molluscan Assemblage in the Saladar Member nov. indicates an age of late early Miocene-earliest middle Miocene. The Saladar Member correlates with the upper section of the Chenque Formation and with the Venericor bearing horizons of the Gaiman and Vaca Mahuida formations. The fauna of this member constitutes another evidence with respect to the weather stripes stated for Patagonia since the late Oligocene-early Miocene. The assemblage recorded in the Arriola Member nov. indicates the probable presence of the Aequipecten parenensis Zone and a stratigraphic relationship with the Puerto Madryn Formation of a late Miocene age, extending the covered area along the Valdesian Province to the Salinas del Gualicho. The fauna of the Saladar Member shows more affinity with that in the Monte Len and Chenque formations, while the fauna in the Arriola Member shares more resemblance with the Paran and Puerto Madryn formations. The Chilean Navidad and Guadal formations have 30% and 10% of genus in common with fauna of the Saladar Member, respectively.

Middle Miocene marine sediments in the Vienna Basin provide opportunities for analyses of spatial and temporal variation in the composition of molluscan communities, especially across the Badenian/Sarmatian boundary. In this study, we describe variation in composition of molluscan assemblages with multivariate analyses (cluster and ordination analyses). In ongoing analyses, we test whether Badenian and Sarmatian assemblages (distinguished on the basis of foraminiferal assemblages) significantly differ in their taxonomic and life habit composition. We focus on a unique set of samples recovered by 80 closely-located borehole cores in 1963 near Rohoznik-Konopiska (Rohalova and Hash 2000), penetrating to ~30-100 m depth in the western part of Slovakia. These cores capture sediments of the Studienka (Badenian) and Halic (Sarmatian) formations that consist of clays, sands and silts. Cierna (1974) studied foraminiferal assemblages in these cores and found that they correspond mainly to the Upper Badenian and Sarmatian. The boundary between the Badenian and Sarmatian sediments is located at ~~206 m.a.s.l. in the SW part and at ~~180 m.a.s.l. in the NE part of the study area. Diverse molluscan assemblages in this area were described by Svagrovský (1971, 1981), Mesaros (1986) and Hladilova (1991). A well preserved shelly material from 80 borehole cores of Rohožnik contains presently more than 6000 individuals (mainly of Badenian age), with ongoing screening of additional samples. They correspond to 156 gastropod, bivalve, and scaphopod taxa at species and genus-level resolution. 72 samples were subjected to preliminary multivariate analyses. A cluster analysis is based on a Bray-Curtis distance and square-root transformed proportional abundances. Ordination analyses are represented by non-metric multidimensional scaling and by principal coordinate analysis. The cluster analysis discriminated five major sample groups with a recurrent taxonomic composition, although ordination analyses show that some of these groups do not form discrete clusters in a multivariate space but rather continuously grade into each other. Mohrensternia sp and Bittium reticulatum are dominant in the first group. These taxa represent herbivorous euryhaline gastropods, who preferred muddy bottoms (Svagrovský, 1971; Kowalke and Harzhauser, 2004). Nassarius illovensis , Acteocina lojankeriana , Nuculana fragilis and Clithon pictus dominate in the second group. N. fragilis represents an infaunal, mobile, asiphonate deposit-feeder, gastropods are represented by mobile taxa with different food requirements that lived in photic zone (Leonard-Pingel et al., 2012). The third group is dominated by Corbula gibba and Nucula nucleus . C. gibba and N. nucleus represented opportunistic bivalve species that indicate unstable habitats with muddy bottoms, frequently characterized by low-oxygen concentrations and by organic enrichment (Holmes 2002; Hrs-Brenko 2006; N´Siala et al. 2008). The fourt h group is dominated by Alvania curta , accompanied with Amalda gladiformis , Cerithium europaeum, and by Aporrhais pespelecani and Acanthocardia turonica that occur exclusively in the Badenian (Harzhauser et Piller 2007; Studencka et Popov 1996). A. turonica prefers sandy bottom, gastropods are represented by herbivore taxa (Svagrovský 1981, Studencka 1986). The fifth group can be characterized as Diloma and Cerithium -dominated association. It mainly consists of gastropods. Diloma occurs in sandy littoral environments (Kroh and Harzhauser, 1999). This discrimination of samples fits with the result of principal coordinate analysis where these taxa group similarly. Associations of molluscs indicate that sedimentation occurred in the photic zone because the determined molluscs predominantly occupied to shallow subtidal environments. The high abundance of Corbula gibba and Nucula nucleus shows a possibility of stratification of water column, with low content of O 2 on the bottom. Some samples in the uppermost parts of cores imply brachyhaline conditions.

Although the number of species in which variation of shape has been investigated is relatively small, due to the broken state of the material, it is possible to outline some new fundamental features of shell morphology.The investigations of Yoldia glaberrima, Leda Westendorpii, Leda pygmaea, and Spisula subtruncata indicate that the length/height ratio of pelecypod valves is very seldom constant throughout the life of the animal. This is important, but some workers are apparently not aware of this principle, to judge by the significance which is often attached to the calculation of means of length/height ratios, or other quantitative expressions of shape. Mean values of this sort have no taxonomic significance unless they are accompanied by information on the size groups of the shells measured.

<p>In the Miocene, a large wetland extended from the Andean foothills into western Amazonia. This system plays an important part in current biogeographic models and is thought to have acted as an evolutionary ‘cradle’ for aquatic species and an ‘inhibitor’ for terrestrial taxa. The generating mechanisms of this system are not fully understood, but dynamic topography, Andean uplift and eustasy are all thought to have controlled deposition. Orbital forcing is likely an additional driver that could explain the succession of shallowing upwards cycles that characterize the sedimentary record. In this study we investigated the presumed cyclicity at the Los Chorros (Colombia), a site that constitutes a representative example for the sedimentary record in the Miocene wetland system. We integrated lithological, palynological and malacological data from a sequence biostratigraphic perspective. In this approach, the Los Chorros succession is visualised to be composed of a series of flood-fill packages, with a rapid initial flood, with marine-influenced conditions at the time of maximum flood, and followed by a longer regressive infill phase. Based on the palynology we could differentiate local vegetation, such as swamps, from sources of regional origin such as <em>terra firme</em> vegetation (non-flooded Amazonian Forest) and montane forest (Andean), while also separating local and regional sediment sources.  Marine influences are intermittently evident in this section, based on the occurrence of short-lived maxima of mangrove pollen, foraminiferal test linings, dinoflagellate cysts, some mollusc species, and an episodic decline in terrestrial biomarkers. At the times of flooding, the lacustrine conditions in the wetland system were characterized by the presence of algae, floating ferns, and mollusc assemblages that indicate alternating oligotrophic and eutrophic conditions, while intervening subaquatic debris points to proximal submerged lowlands. The palynology also shows that the shallow lakes were fringed by a succession of Mauritiinae palm swamps, ferns, and grasses, with a diverse rainforest in the wider periphery. The sequence biostratigraphic evaluation suggests that the deposition of this sediment sequence took place prior to the 13.8 Ma global sea level fall, and most likely the period just after 14.5 Ma, towards the end of the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum. We propose that the studied succession comprises eight 41 ka obliquity-driven depositional cycles, with rapid phases of transgression, and that mangrove elements would have colonised within the timeframe of each sea level rise.</p>

During the late Miocene, the Andean–Amazonian region experienced drastic climatic and environmental changes, notably due to a major phase in the Andean uplift. The fossil record is virtually undocumented for this period in the Subandean Zone, where very few palaeoenvironmental and palaeontological investigations have been undertaken. Here, we describe plant remains (pollen, spores, and leaves), microfossils, mollusks, and vertebrates from the Ipururo Formation at Shumanza, San Martín, Peru. Twenty-nine plant families are identified from 164 pollen grains and 89 spores, among them Lycophytes, Monilophytes, and angiosperms (5 monocots and 18 eudicots). The pollen sample notably includes Grimsdalea magnaclavata, Palaeosantalaceaepites cingulatus, Echitricolporites spinosus, and Fenestrites longispinosus, pointing to a late Miocene–early Pliocene age for the TAR-27 locality (10.06–3.72 Ma). Leaf impressions, from nearby localities in the same section, document Malvaciphyllum sp. (Malvaceae), three morphs resembling Caryocaraceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, and two unidentified ‘Dicotyledonae’ angiosperms. The mollusk assemblage is somewhat reminiscent of early–middle Miocene Pebasian faunas and dominated by gastropods (ampullariids, cochliopid, cerithioid, and planorbids). It also includes sphaeriid and unionoid bivalves. Vertebrate recovery is very poor, with a serrasalmine characiform and unidentified actinopterygian teeth. Fossil assemblages and sedimentary facies consistently testify to the dominance of riverine/alluvial forests and the persistence of a steady lowland rainforest close to the Andes less than 10.1 million years ago, without indication of (1) mangrove/marine environments or (2) high-elevation ranges in the close surroundings of Shumanza by that time. By coupling palynostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy, Shumanza fossil assemblages would be further assigned an early late Miocene age (10.1–ca. 8 Ma).

The mollusc fauna of the early Middle Miocene (Langhian) intramontane Alpine Lake Groisenbach is described for the first time. The shells derive from the Feistring Formation in the Aflenz Basin in Austria, which was covered by Lake Groisenbach. The assemblage is moderately diverse with 12 gastropod and 2 bivalve species, suggesting shallow lacustrine and fluvial settings. Among the gastropods, only Theodoxus crenulatus (Klein, 1853) is known from other Miocene localities, whilst all other species are documented so far only from Lake Groisenbach. None of the Early and Middle Miocene lake systems of the Alpine-Carpathian Foredeep and the Balkan Peninsula displays any faunistic resemblance with this new fauna. Even coeval lake faunas from the close-by Graz Basin have no species in common with Lake Groisenbach. This pattern points to a surprising endemicity and biogeographic fragmentation in the Central European freshwater systems during the Early and Middle Miocene. The uniqueness of the newly described fauna is also indicated by the completely erratic occurrence of the otherwise African-Mediterranean genus Bulinus, which is unknown from all other central European Miocene freshwater systems. Emmericia roetzeli Harzhauser and Neubauer nov. sp., Nematurella zuschini Neubauer and Harzhauser nov. sp., Romania fastigata Neubauer and Harzhauser nov. sp., Odontohydrobia groisenbachensis Neubauer and Harzhauser nov. sp., Odontohydrobia pompatica Neubauer and Harzhauser nov. sp., Odontohydrobia styriaca Harzhauser and Neubauer nov. sp., Planorbis austroalpinus Harzhauser and Neubauer nov. sp., Gyraulus sachsenhoferi Harzhauser and Neubauer nov. sp., Bulinus corici Harzhauser and Neubauer nov. sp., Ferrissia crenellata Harzhauser and Neubauer nov. sp. and Stagnicola reinholdkunzi Harzhauser and Neubauer nov. sp. are introduced as new species.

Paleoclimate and changing composition of the Paleogene-Neogene shallow Molluscan Assemblages of Patagonia