Abstract
The Rhyparochromidae, the largest family of Lygaeoidea, encompasses more than 1,850 described species, but no mitochondrial genome has been sequenced to date. Here we describe the first mitochondrial genome for Rhyparochromidae: a complete mitochondrial genome of Panaorus albomaculatus (Scott, 1874). This mitochondrial genome is comprised of 16,345 bp, and contains the expected 37 genes and control region. The majority of the control region is made up of a large tandem-repeat region, which has a novel pattern not previously observed in other insects. The tandem-repeats region of P. albomaculatus consists of 53 tandem duplications (including one partial repeat), which is the largest number of tandem repeats among all the known insect mitochondrial genomes. Slipped-strand mispairing during replication is likely to have generated this novel pattern of tandem repeats. Comparative analysis of tRNA gene families in sequenced Pentatomomorpha and Lygaeoidea species shows that the pattern of nucleotide conservation is markedly higher on the J-strand. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on mitochondrial genomes suggests that Rhyparochromidae is not the sister group to all the remaining Lygaeoidea, and supports the monophyly of Lygaeoidea.
Highlights
The Rhyparochromidae, or dirt-colored seed bugs, are a relatively large group of Heteroptera and the largest family of Lygaeoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)[1]
Tandem repeat units can be added or subtracted by slipped-strand mispairing during replication[19], and this type of mutation happens at a rate at least 100,000 times higher compared to the rate of simple point mutations[20]
Tandem repeats have been found in many groups, especially at the 3′-end of the control region, the size and copy number of repeat units differ greatly among different species[21,22,23]
Summary
The Rhyparochromidae, or dirt-colored seed bugs, are a relatively large group of Heteroptera and the largest family of Lygaeoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)[1]. The main source of size variation is the variable number and length of tandem repeats in the control region[15]. Tandem repeats have been found in many groups, especially at the 3′-end of the control region (near the tRNA-I sequence), the size and copy number of repeat units differ greatly among different species[21,22,23]. We compare the tRNA gene families (and their secondary structures) with other sequenced Pentatomomorpha and Lygaeoidea species. We report novel patterns and large numbers of tandem repeats in the control region of the Panaorus albomaculatus mt-genome
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