A method for estimating carbon dioxide emissions based on low frequency GPS trajectories

In December 2009, China government has officially announced, for the first time, a voluntary quantitative target of controlling its carbon dioxide emissions, which is to cut the carbon dioxide intensity (kg CO2 per GDP) by 40%~45% by the year 2020 (relative to the level of 2005). Transportation is one of the major sources of carbon dioxide emissions resulting from fossil fuel utilizations all over the world. In 2008 carbon dioxide emissions caused by transportation fuel combustion accounted for about 8% of the national total in China (Yang, 2011). This percentage is far behind some advanced economies, such as 33% in United States in 2004, 26% in Europe in 2004 (Wallington, 2008), and so forth. In either developing countries or developed countries road sector is responsible for approximate 80% of total carbon dioxide emissions resulting from transportation (Yang, 2011; Wallington, 2008), which indicates that road transportation has been playing a significant role in reducing transportation carbon dioxide emissions now and in the future. Compared with 824 vehicles per 1,000 people in United States in 2008 and 608 vehicles per 1,000 people in Japan in 2009, there were only about 68 vehicles per 1,000 people in China in 2010. It is clear that China’s vehicle population will be twice as many as present level when the vehicle ownership is doubled and meanwhile the national population is sustained. As an emerging economy, this situation will probably happen in next 5~10 years. Without revolutionary change of transportation system, the consequent carbon dioxide emissions from road transportation will possibly be doubled as well. It can be predicted that transportation sector would become one of the fastest growing sources of carbon dioxide emissions in China in next several decades. Thus, a low carbon transport system is expected to be proposed soon as a potential solution to addressing the conflict between the development of transportation and economy and the mitigation of climate change. In response to concerns over establishing the low carbon transport system and meeting the increasing domestic petroleum demand, interest in developing advanced vehicle technologies and alternative vehicle fuels has risen considerably in past ten years. Many research and demonstration programs of various technologies were supported by Chinese government, including light-duty vehicles (LDVs) using methanol (M85) and ethanol (E10), buses and taxies using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), compressed natural gas (CNG), and liquefied natural gas (LNG), passenger cars and buses using dimethylether (DME), passenger cars using diesel, and so forth. Ethanol gasoline (E10) has been put into mandatory use since 2003 in five Chinese provinces (Jilin, Hei Longjiang, Henan, Anhui,

Life cycle carbon dioxide emissions for fill dams

Fishing vessel operation highly depends on fossil fuels such as gasoline, diesel to generate power. Combustion of fossil fuel would generate greenhouse gas emission such as carbon dioxide. However, the estimation of carbon dioxide emission from fishing vessel is rather scarce in Malaysia. This paper describes carbon dioxide emission estimation from fishing vessels operation in Selangor. This study was conducted at four fisheries districts in Selangor where fishing vessels anchored for operation. Fishing operation activities were divided into four fisheries operation zones (A, B, C, and C2). It involved 3,252 fishing vessels. Firstly, carbon dioxide emission for each vessel is determined by using tier 1 method waterborne navigation equation provided from Chapter 3 mobile combustion, volume two Energy, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory. After the carbon dioxide emission estimation was calculated, an inventory of emission was carried out. Then, ANOVA test was used to determine the significant differences between fishing gear and fisheries zones. Total carbon dioxide emission from fishing vessels operation in Selangor is 295.44 Gg CO2 for 2012. ANOVA test indicated there is difference in the mean carbon dioxide emission estimation between different types of fishing gear. There are also significant differences in the mean carbon dioxide emission estimation from four different fisheries zones in Selangor. Turkey Kramer Multiple Comparisons was applied to determine the pair of carbon dioxide emission of fishing vessels between types of fishing gears and fisheries zones. The burning of 89.35 Gg of fossil fuel by fishing operation released 295.4 Gg in 2012. Total amount of carbon dioxide emission from fishing vessel is low compare to latest Malaysia total carbon dioxide emission in 2000, 222,990 Gg CO2. In conclusion, status of carbon dioxide emission by fishing vessel operation has been determined for Selangor.KeywordsCarbon dioxide emissionFuel consumptionFishing vessel operation

<p><strong>Background</strong>. Feeding cattle in small-scale silage-based dairy production systems can improve their production efficiency while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. <strong>Objective</strong>. To determine the effect of partial replacement of corn silage with sorghum silage on the concentration of secondary metabolites in terms of Total Phenols (TP), Total Tannins (TT), and Condensed Tannins (CT), as well as to estimate methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. <strong>Methodology</strong>. The treatments were analyzed with a split-plot experimental design where the treatments (main plot) were; T1 = 50% sorghum silage cv Top Green + 50% corn silage, T2 = 50% sorghum silage cv Caña Dulce + 50% corn silage, T3 = 100% corn silage cv Cenzontle (control), and the measurement periods were the minor plots. <strong>Results</strong>. Inclusion of sorghum silage decreased enteric methane and carbon dioxide emissions (P<0.05), even though the concentration of phytochemical compounds among cultivars was not variable (P>0.05). <strong>Implications</strong>. Understanding the impact of changing forage chemical composition on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in dairy systems is an important issue for mitigating climate change. <strong>Conclusions</strong>. The inclusion of sorghum silage in this study slightly reduced enteric methane and carbon dioxide emissions. Under these conditions, it is suggested that more information be provided on greenhouse gas emission factors and mitigation strategies in small-scale production systems.</p>

In the United Kingdom, passenger cars are the largest contributor to green house gas (Carbon dioxide (CO2)) emissions from road transport. Estimates of CO2 emissions (and associated fuel consumption) are mainly based on data obtained from the rolling road testing of new car models as managed by the Vehicle Certification Agency. The main outputs of this testing for each car model are the expected CO2 emissions in g/km and the expected overall miles per gallon achievable. There are three main areas of concern addressed in this article – that the car emission testing procedures do not accurately reflect outputs achievable under normal on-the-road driving conditions, that the test outputs are used directly by government in building green house gas inventories and that the reported test outputs for individual car models are misleading in relation to car purchasing decisions. The article in particular challenges the current UK fleet estimates reported by the Department for Energy and Climate Change that, it is argued, are likely to be significant underestimates. The main aims have been to model the required adjustments of emission factors derived from rolling road tests in order to account for on-the-road effects. Results are compared and contrasted with official governmental estimates.

Now a days due to rapid industrialization green house gases are continuously increasing. Carbon dioxide is the major constituent of the greenhouse gas which causes global warming and climate change. The main sources of carbon dioxide emissions are burning of fossil fuels. In our present investigation the main aim is to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from flue gas. Adsorption is a cost effective technique to remove pollutants from flue gas. Adsorbent used here is activated carbon. In the present investigation a four stage fluidized bed reactor has been designed and operated in counter-current manner. The effect of superficial gas velocity, solid (activated carbon) flow rate, and the weir height on percentage removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the four stage fluidized bed reactor were investigated. The percentage removal of carbon dioxide was found to be 65 % when the flow rate of the solid is high and the flow rate of gas is low with maximum weir height of 60 mm and inlet carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration of 3000 ppm at room temperature.

Predictive equations for CO 2 emission factors for coal combustion, their applicability in a thermal power plant and subsequent assessment of uncertainty in CO 2 estimation

This article is devoted to the problems of legislative regulation of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The main sources of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere today are the production, transportation, processing and consumption of fossil fuels (86%), the reduction of tropical forests and other biomass combustion (12%), and other sources. With the advent in the world of the industrial revolution in the mid-nineteenth century, there was a progressive increase in anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that led to the disruption of the carbon cycle and growth CO2 concentration. Currently, about 57% of the carbon dioxide produced by mankind is removed from the atmosphere by plants and oceans. Carbon dioxide does not belong to toxic gas, however at inhalation of its raised concentrations in air on influence on the air-breathing live organisms carbon dioxide carry to suffocating gases. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air today is one of the important factors affecting human life and health. Excess of this substance leads to a decrease in productivity, poor health or even death. In addition, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, which is the cause of gradual warming, which is known to have a negative impact on people's lives. Such consequences forced humanity to take measures to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and control the volume of carbon dioxide emissions.

PurposeClimate change is one of the direst health threats that humanity faces. We aim to estimate the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with the energy usage from linear accelerator (LINAC)-based external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for the most common cancer diagnoses.Methods and MaterialsWe identified patients with the 4 most common cancer types treated with curative-intent EBRT. Beam-on time for each fraction was extracted from the treatment planning system and averaged over each site and treatment modality. The power was multiplied by the beam-on time in hours to yield kilowatt hours (kWh). Using the US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies calculator, we converted the kWh into estimates of CO2-equivalent emissions for the average US power grid. Idle time of the LINAC was estimated via Varian Medical Systems.ResultsA total of 10 patients were included for each of the following modalities: conventionally fractionated for prostate cancer (28 fractions [fx]), prostate stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) (5 fx), 15- and 5-fx regimens for early-stage breast cancer, 3- and 5-fx SBRT regimens for early-stage lung cancer, conventional EBRT (30 fx) for locally advanced lung cancer, and short- (5 fx) and long-course (25-28 fx) for rectal cancer. The modality with the lowest and highest carbon emissions per course, on average, was prostate SBRT (2.18 kg CO2; interquartile range, 1.92-2.30) and conventional treatment for prostate cancer (17.34 kg CO2; interquartile range, 10.26-23.79), respectively. This corresponds to CO2-equivalent emissions of driving an average of 5.4 miles and 41.2 miles in a standard vehicle, respectively. “Standby” mode for a LINAC TrueBeam and Clinac IX uses 112 kWh and 64.8 kWh per day, respectively.ConclusionsWe have estimated CO2 emissions arising from direct energy usage of a LINAC for 4 common cancers treated with EBRT. “Standby” mode of a LINAC uses the most energy per day. Comprehensive studies are warranted to minimize the environmental effects of health and cancer care.

This paper presents preliminary results of a greenhouse gas emissions inventory for the Slovak Republic. The key gases included are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Chlorofluorocarbons are excluded because they are controlled under the Montreal Protocol. Estimates of emissions are calculated by applying the IPCC Methodology. Fossil fuel combustion accounts for about 96% of total Slovak CO2 emissions from energy, industry, and waste incineration. The most significant industrial sources of carbon dioxide emissions in 1990 were cement, magnesite, and coke production. Forestry and land-use change were responsible for a net uptake of 4,720 gigagrams (Gg) of carbon dioxide. Total net emissions of carbon dioxide in 1990 were 53,594 Gg CO2. The main sources of methane emissions are livestock, natural gas distribution networks, and landfills. Total methane emissions in 1990 were estimated to be 345 Gg CH4. The estimated emission of 20 Gg N2O is very preliminary. The main sources were agriculture and wastewater treatment. To evaluate the shares of different greenhouse gases in relation to total emissions, aggregated emissions were estimated based on both the direct and indirect effects. Carbon dioxide emissions amount to 78% of total emissions, methane emissions amount to 13%, and nitrous oxide emissions amount to 9%.KeywordsMunicipal Solid WasteEmission FactorMethane EmissionSlovak RepublicEmission InventoryThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The increase in global climate variability due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has endangered both the environment and human health.In this context, it is important to quantify the carbon balance of anthropogenic activities, in terms of both carbon emission and carbon fixation.The aim of this study was to estimate the anthropogenic CO 2 emissions and aboveground carbon stocks in agroforestry systems of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in the southern Peruvian Amazon, specifically in Madre de Dios.Nine agroforestry systems (AFS) of 4-7 years of age were selected, composed of T. cacao in association with timber, non-timber and fruit tree species.CO 2 emissions were estimates based on interviews with landowners, considering fuels, fertilizers, herbicides, and domestic use of firewood, charcoal, gas and electricity.To estimate carbon stocks, we calculate aboveground biomass, litter biomass and biomass of annual cocoa bean production.The density of T. cacao varied between 530-1160 individuals/ha with ten other associated species at lower densities.The aboveground carbon stock in AFS ranged from 7.7 to 13.7 Mg/ha and the carbon fixation rate ranged from 1.5 to 3 Mg/ha/year.Total emissions ranged from 0.12-2.15Mg CO 2 e/ha/yr, with fuel use being the main source of emissions (up to 98%).Fixation rates ranged from 12.8-23.8Mg CO 2 e/ha/year.Carbon dioxide emissions fixation rates were significantly higher than emissions in every AFS.The results suggest that AFS did not have a negative impact on the environment.The study highlights the importance of AFS within the context of climate change and the increasing environmental impact of conventional agricultural systems.The study shows that the assessed AFSs had a positive overall aboveground carbon balance.Emission rates were low, and fuel use was present in all the AFS and represented the largest source of CO 2 emissions.Therefore, by harboring tree species, the AFS would allow for climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies.

This research paper aims to analyze the primary sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and assess the implemented and potential carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies and initiatives in the UAE. It highlights the UAE's commitment to reducing CO2 emissions and achieving a sustainable future. This paper comprehensively analyzes peer-reviewed articles, reports, government announcements, and publications related to CCUS in the UAE. The research examines the challenges and barriers facing carbon capture and explores potential future CCUS strategies suitable for the UAE. The findings suggest that the UAE has significant potential for CCUS technologies, with the energy sector and industrial processes being the primary sources of carbon dioxide emissions. The paper also investigates the readiness of the current infrastructure and the practicality of CO2 storage capacity in the UAE and identifies potential future CCUS technologies suitable for the region, such as CO2 geothermal power plants, mineralization, and CO2 injection in enhanced oil recovery. Eventually, the paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities ahead for the UAE in its journey to meet its decarbonization targets.

The great concern of scientists is the rise in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere associated with the greenhouse effect caused by higher concentration of some gases, carbon dioxide included. Animals and their wastes are one of the carbon dioxide sources. Annually there is the growing need in livestock products. This leads to a bigger number of farm animals and consequent higher carbon dioxide emissions into the environment. Theoretical and experimental studies of 2015-2021 at the premises of the Institute for Engineering and Environmental Problems in Agricultural Production and agricultural enterprises in the Leningrad Region of the Russian Federation were aimed at identifying the main sources, intensity and patterns of carbon dioxide emissions in dairy cow barns with due account for the effect of animal housing conditions. The main carbon dioxide sources on a cattle dairy farm are the air exhaled by animals and manure. From the study results, a dairy cow exhales from 4.5 to 8.5 kg of carbon dioxide per day depending on its productivity and mass. The carbon dioxide emission from manure accumulated in a barn is below 1 % of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals. Modern innovative technologies allow for more efficient use of genetic potential of animals and reduce the negative impact on the environment. The revealed patterns and modelling of carbon dioxide emissions showed that with an increase in cow milk yield from 10 to 30 kg/day, the carbon dioxide emission per 1 kg of milk can decrease 2.3 to 2.5 times.

Effective national cap-and-trade system involves accurate projections of greenhouse gas emissions for the national economy as a whole and by industry. The main source of carbon dioxide emissions in most countries of the world (including Russia) is the energy sector with 9traditional fuels (coal, gas and oil). The objective of the paper is to forecast energy emissionsof carbon dioxide in the Russian Federation by applying adequate economic and mathematical modelling methods. To achieve it, two hypotheses are consistently put forward and tested: the possibility of building a medium-term forecast of the indicator as a result of correlation and regression analysis and the one based on the formation of a Bayesian ensemble of artificial neural networks. Both hypotheses are confirmed in the empirical study. However, the second method provides a higher degree of accuracy in approximating statistical data. Therefore, within the framework of this article, the formation of medium-term forecasts of energy carbondioxide emissions in Russia is made with the help of neural network modeling. Highly accurate forecasting provides a scientific basis for effective policymakers' decisions in decarbonisation of the national economy.

With increasingly wide recognition and acceptance of vehicle-specific power (VSP) as a viable variable in modeling vehicle emissions, the method for defining VSP bins is becoming critical. The primary objective of this study is to develop emission-specific VSP bins for estimating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for light-duty vehicles by using the real-world data collected in Beijing. The proposed method is developed by considering both emission characteristics and emission contributions of each bin. In this method, speed is chosen as the secondary parameter in defining bins because it has a higher impact on the CO2 emission rate than the engine stress for each VSP bin. With the proposed method, 24 VSP bins are eventually defined on the basis of the emission data collected in Beijing. In the proposed VSP bins, the data under VSP < 0 are grouped into one single bin because of their similar CO2 emission rates and comparable total emission contributions to other bins. Data at VSP = 0 are defined as an independent bin for characteristics that this single VSP point carries, such as its high VSP frequency, high total CO2 emission contributions, and significant lower emission rate than that of adjacent bins. On the basis of the validation of the proposed method, it is found that the use of an independent bin for VSP = 0 improves the accuracy of CO2 emission estimates and that the use of a single bin for VSP < 0, which simplifies the computational procedure, will not increase the error in the estimation of CO2 emissions.