A mechanistic study and in-vivo toxicity bioassay on acetamiprid photodegradation over the zeolite supported cerium-based photocatalyst

Abstract

Photocatalysis is well-known as an effective tool for the removal of pollutants but its eco-friendly aspect has not been well explored in the literature. In this study, we prepared an ultraviolet-active photocatalyst by the growth of cerium oxide/sulfide nanoparticles in the zeolite channels via a facile coprecipitation method. The photocatalyst was comprehensively characterized by different analysis methods and showed good activity toward removal of acetamiprid, ACP, a commonly used insecticide. As the main focus of the current work, an in vivo bioassay was carried out to investigate the acute toxicity of the contaminant solutions before and after photoreaction. Accordingly, acetamiprid and the phototreated solutions were orally injected to different groups of laboratory rats. The results indicated that the number of white blood cells and hemoglobin level of the rats exposed to the phototreated solutions decreased from 7.57 ± 1.17 and 15.47 ± 0.85–6.15 ± 0.84 and 14.07 ± 1.31, respectively, compared to the control group’s pathological markers. Also, the level of ALT and AST enzymes increased from 268 ± 33 and 66.7 ± 19.2–375 ± 29 and 98.7 ± 32.3, respectively, indicating the liver dysfunction. These results along with the weight loss and increase in body temperature verified that unlike the pristine ACP solution, the phototreated solutions induced significant toxicity to the laboratory rats. In addition, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was served to clarify the toxicity assessment results and propose a suitable photoproduct generation pathway.