A Look at the EU Countries’ Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Turkey's Sustainable Industrial Growth

The development of renewable energy in Indonesia is still in a relatively fledgling state, yet it is forecast to increase. The Government of Indonesia has formulated and implemented several strategic programs, compiled under several binding frameworks, namely the National Energy Policy and the General Plan for National Energy. The government is committed internationally to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions as part of its Nationally Determined Contributions. However, unearthing the dynamics of renewable and sustainable energy in Indonesia requires a detailed stakeholder analysis of all relevant and major actors. This paper aims to provide a stakeholder analysis of actors in the renewable and sustainable energy sector in Indonesia as a whole, using a Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental (PESTLE) analysis methodology. The results have indicated that existing policies are not yet perfect, given that the renewable energy industry is still quite minimal, especially in the current conditions of falling oil prices. In the future, it is hoped that the government can formulate a breakthrough policy to improve existing policies in the renewable energy sector, such as by giving ease to investors in the renewable energy sector, including the effective and efficient supply chain management of renewable energy.

As the globe transitions to a low-carbon economy, China's renewable energy (RE) sector is crucial to attaining sustainable growth. Green financing and corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies have become increasingly important in promoting the growth and sustainability of the RE sector. In order to evaluate CSR factors and green finance strategies for effective integration in supporting the RE industry, this research employs hybrid Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Fuzzy VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (FVIKOR) approaches in the context of China. The FAHP method is used to determine the various CSR factors and subfactors, while the FVIKOR method is employed to prioritize the key green finance strategies. The findings of the FAHP method highlight the importance of socioeconomic development, environmental protection, and stakeholder engagement as critical CSR factors for RE sectors. Moreover, the results of the FVIKOR method reveal that innovative financing mechanisms, green bonds, and green banks emerged as significant green finance strategies for mobilizing capital and resources for RE projects. The study highlights the value of aspects of CSR and green financing techniques in fostering sustainable development in the RE industry. The results can aid in the promotion of sustainable practices and the assistance of China's transition to a more resource- and environment-wise economy by firms, investors, governments, and other stakeholders.

The share of renewables in the U.S. electricity generation mix is increasing and one of the major obstacles to enhancing employment in the renewable energy (RE) sector is finding skilled/qualified labor to fill positions. RE systems engineer jobs mostly need bachelor’s degrees but there are few RE engineering-focused degree programs. Therefore, there are needs to accurately train undergraduate engineering students at universities and match the education system offerings to meet RE industry demands. This study reviews RE employment by technology, RE industry workforce needs, and engineering programs accreditation, and then suggests possible means, along with theoretical RE concepts, to enhance undergraduate engineering students’ RE learning at universities. In particular, RE industries require technology skills, including analytical, scientific, and simulation software programs or tools. These RE simulation and analysis tools can be used for teaching, training, techno-economic analysis, planning, designing, optimization, etc., and are the focus of this review.

The main objective of this review is to develop renewable energy (RE) sectors and overcome any obstacles regarding this in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has been facing energy crisis in all sectors in need of electricity. The techno-economical and policy making challenges are the main barrier of renewable energy sources installment in Bangladesh. But in recent years, Bangladesh has achieved notable progress in the development of its renewable energy industry. Bangladesh produces 723.26 MW of electricity from renewable sources, which include 67.61% solar, 31.80% hydro, and 0.58% wind, biogas, and biomass. Of these, 489 MW are produced by more than 6 million (63, 25, 278) installed solar cells. This assessment offers a thorough examination of the nation's present renewable energy situation, stressing both the fundamental difficulties and noteworthy successes. The research reviews the many renewable energy sources, such as hydropower, biomass, mechanical vibration, wind, and solar electricity, and assesses how much of each the country needs to use. Analyzing the legal and policy environment that governs renewable energy in Bangladesh, the research highlights the necessity of focused measures to remove current obstacles. It talks about how overcoming obstacles and promoting sustainable growth can be accomplished through international cooperation and financial assistance. The research also looks at the socioeconomic effects of renewable energy programs, considering how they may affect employment and electrification in rural areas. The analysis provides an outlook on the prospects of the renewable energy sector in Bangladesh. Emerging technologies, possible market trends, and innovative prospects are covered. To assist stakeholders, investors, and legislators in navigating the shift to a more resilient and sustainable energy future, recommendations are offered. With an emphasis on highlighting successes and outlining challenges, this research provides a thorough analysis of Bangladesh's renewable energy industry. Bangladesh may establish itself as a regional leader in the adoption of renewable energy sources and support international efforts to mitigate climate change by recognizing the obstacles of the present and laying out a plan for future development. This research will help to the researchers and policymakers for making more renewable energy in Bangladesh without facing any difficulties.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the development of “Green” jobs in one region of the European Union, Scotland, where the government has sought to develop renewable and sustainable energy industries and associated employment. Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyses selected secondary data and policy documents and conceptualises issues concerning employment in the renewable energy sector. Findings – It analyses published data and projections on employment in renewable energy sectors, considering the reasons for the lower actual job creation. Many of the jobs in the renewable energy sector are likely to be high skilled, so there is need to support the development of low-skilled workers and job seekers so that they can enter and progress in the industry. Similarly there is a strong gender bias in the industry which may similarly reduce the entry and retention of the best staff and inhibit social equity. Research limitations/implications – The paper suggests that “Career first” recruitment and development policies are needed which emphasise improving both productivity and the “quality” and attractiveness of sustainable, long-term careers in the sector. Practical implications – In addition to relying on general labour attraction policies and separate industry-specific skills initiatives for those already in work, more attention needs to be given to developing sustainable employment with career progression for people moving into, or already in, the industry. Originality/value – The links between support for those moving into jobs and developing the skills of existing workers in sustainable industries have been under researched and this paper adds new conceptual developments, in terms of “Career” first approaches and empirical analysis of employment in renewable industries in Scotland.

India’s demand for energy is growing with the energy gap between demand and supply of about 12–15 %. As a developing country, India has to play an important role in the development and utilization of renewable energy resources (solar, wind, bio-energy, hydro, etc.) for sustainable development. The country has high potential to harvest the renewable energy because of strategic geographic location. Considering the renewable energy potential, India can play a responsible role to take positive steps towards carbon emission and ensuring for its sustainable future by increase its energy share through renewable energy. Currently, the renewable energy accounts 26 GW (12 %) of the total power generation capacity of 212 GW as in 2013. The renewable energy industry has shown a promising growth over the last couple of years compared to non-renewable energy and it is expected to grow at an even higher rate in the Twelfth Five Year Plan period (2012–2017). The country’s vision in renewable energy development aims to achieve 55 GW by 2022, and by 2050 about 50 % of its total energy through renewable sources. An extensive pool of knowledgeable and skilled manpower competent to design, install and maintain renewable energy systems will be required. The MNRE report published in 2012 on “Human Resource Development Strategies for Indian Renewable Energy Sector”, at a moderate growth of 10 % the wind sector would employ about 75,000 people by the year 2020. Similarly, the report estimated that Solar PV on-grid and off grid sector would employ 1,52,000 and 2,25,000 respectively by the year 2022. The estimated numbers are equally large for the other renewable energy technologies like solar thermal, small hydro, biomass, biogas etc. Shortage of skilled and quality trained manpower is considered to be a major challenge in the growth of renewable energy sector. Higher educational institutions (HEIs) and renewable energy organizations have to play a crucial role in human resource development and capacity building to overcome the challenges, and achieve projected renewable energy target in sustainable manner to reduce India’s energy dependency.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between technological innovation and international trade within the renewable energy (RE) industry across 96 developed and developing countries from 1991 to 2022. The research examines how these dynamics vary across economic contexts and informs policy approaches that support climate change mitigation and carbon neutrality goals. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a panel Granger causality test based on a vector error correction model (VECM) to explore long-run and short-run relationships between RE innovation and trade. The analysis covers 54 developed and 42 developing countries, using data from patent grants and trade volumes in the RE sector, and includes stationarity and cointegration tests to ensure robust results. Findings The results indicate a long-run equilibrium relationship between RE innovation and trade in both developed and developing countries. However, in the short-run, RE innovation significantly drives trade activities in developed countries, suggesting a unidirectional causality from innovation to trade. In contrast, no significant short-run Granger causality is observed in developing countries, highlighting the influence of economic priorities and institutional challenges on RE innovation and trade dynamics. Originality/value This study addresses a gap in the literature by examining the causal linkages between technological innovation and trade in the RE industry. It provides valuable insights into the differing roles of innovation in trade across economic contexts, emphasizing the need for tailored policy interventions in developing countries to enhance RE adoption and achieve sustainability goals.

The development of the renewable energy industry is an important support for the sustainable development of the social economy. It is strategic significance in economic and national security is immeasurable. The process of cultivating, developing, and upgrading the renewable energy industry in India is a comprehensive system that includes finance, resources, technology, and management. Renewable energy finance is a new area of public policy that requires innovation and research that will have a significant impact on investors in the World. Till today, many researchers think renewable energy is an issue of science and engineering, but the future of renewable energy is no longer about science and technology; it's all about access to finance. The renewable energy sector in India is growing rapidly and presents an opportunity for strong financial returns. The present research paper aims to know the financial performance of selected renewable energy companies of the Indian renewable energy industry through various financial ratios. The financial performance of any industry is effect to their respective industrial investors. Hence, investors' experience is analyzed. A specific group of investors who invest in the renewable energy industry is selected and posed a structured questionnaire to know their investment experience in the renewable energy sector in India. JEL Classification Codes: F36, P17, G23, Q29, Q43, L7

As technology and industry moves on, the human being changes life style. Global warming causes by massive using of high carbon dioxide products and transportation. Climate change also affect the life of human being, it brings natural calamities such as flood, powerful typhoon, drought etc.. In recent years, eco-conscious growing makes the governments concern about environmental protection issue. On 11 December 1997, an important international agreement- “The Kyoto Protocol” was adopted, 37 countries (Annex I countries) commit themselves to a reduction of greenhouse gases under the protocol. After signing the Kyoto Protocol, the EU actively legislate a series of policies about environmental protection and climate change to reach the protocol commitment of 8% greenhouse gases reduction. In the meanwhile, the EU strengthens environmental protection conscious of its citizens. Besides, for energy security, the EU also actively researchs in the sector of renewable energies. Nowadays, the EU has become the leader in sector of low-carbon technologies and renewable energies. Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural and renewable resources such as wind, sun light, biomass geothermal energy etc. As with any other renewable energy source solar energy also means less CO2 emissions, and less emphasis on fossil fuels. Many years ago the EU started to research solar energy, today the EU already get enormous success in the solar sector. Germany and Spain are the biggest two photovoltaic installation member states in the EU. Germany is the largest photovoltaic market of the world. The greatest success should be referred to German “Renewable Energy Act (EEG)” which provided remuneration for electricity feed-in. This measure was imitated by other countries. On the other side, because of a series of solar policies and superior geographic location, Spain excellently developed the solar energy in the last decade, and has become the second largest European photovoltaic market in 2008. Although Taiwan has substantial base of semiconductor industry to develop solar technologies, but our government has negative attitude toward renewable policies, it will block the development of the solar industry in the future. In the 1970s, the region of Baden-Wurttemberg planned to build a nuclear power plant at Wyhl, just 30 km from Freiburg. There was a major protest, with widespread civil disobedience, and in 1975 the plans were defeated. During this time, the German federal government decided to gradually suspend using nuclear energy. The successful experiences of Germany and Spain can prove that solar industry was largely depended on the support of government.

Rapid deployment of renewable energy worldwide is desirable in order to address the issues of climate change, meet mandatory renewable energy targets and provide sufficient economic development opportunities. Fiscal expenditure and funding constraints indicate that substantial investments are required from public and private sectors to support the industry. Only with enough attractive investment opportunities and effective risk management and investment strategies, public, private and institutional investors can become significant sources of capital for renewable energy. Apart from that, renewable energy developments are also slowed down by market failures, economic barrier, informational barrier, awareness barrier, socio-cultural barrier, institutional barrier and policy barrier.
\n
\nA new financing instrument, called hybrid bond, to build renewable energy projects is proposed. In response to concerns over the barriers, the hybrid bond is composed by a portfolio of renewable energy projects. Numerical examples show that the proposed model is able to achieve the dual goals of financing renewable energy project as well as mitigating market, credit, operational, liquidity and political risks with the sale of a hybrid bond.
\n
\nApart from that, a three-level top down strategy for renewable energy investment is designed to overcome the barriers. The proposed strategy is a structured, effective and flexible framework. The first-level of the top down strategy aims to identify and analyze the renewable energy global market leaders in economics and renewable energy policy. The second-level aims to specify renewable energy sector that presents the most attractive investment opportunity. And the third-level aims to select the most promising renewable energy investment vehicles for investors. However, a direct comparison between countries, sectors and investment vehicles, especially qualitative comparison, is difficult and time-consuming. To further improve the effectiveness, an innovative four-level decoupled top down approach for renewable energy investment is proposed. The proposed framework is capable to identify and analyze the renewable energy global market leaders that included: (1) a group of outperforming countries with strong economic drivers and renewable energy drivers, (2) a group of renewable energy sectors that presents comparative advantages, (3) a group of renewable energy investment vehicles that outperforms other competitors, (4) and finally the most promising renewable energy investment vehicle. Results show that the decoupled top down approach both increases effectiveness and capability.
\n
\nIn practice, investors often prefer an index than a framework to make their investment decisions. Therefore, a composite index, so-called Renewable Energy Responsible Investment Index (RERII), is proposed. The index is capable to reflect a comprehensive assessment of existing and future conditions of renewable energy and is also capable to reveal the economic, environmental, social and country governance aspects related to renewable energy industry. In addition, it can be easily integrated into the top down and the decoupled top down strategies. The index has been applied into 50 countries with 17 indicators. Results show that the index does not only provide an effective platform for investors, but also allow the index users to perform necessary comparative analyses.
\n
\nIn summary, this thesis has developed comprehensive risk management and investment strategies in renewable energy industry.

According to the literature of energy-growth-environment, a numeral of studies aims to recognize the factors of CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions resulting from significant increases in CO2 emissions in recent decades. The selection of data is the main criticism connected to the present literature. Most of the studies used the overall consumption of energy, and other criticism concerns selecting panel assessment techniques. Nearly all the previous research used general panel approaches that overlooked long term dependence. This empirical study fills the gap revealed in the past studies of the effect of trade openness, income, non-renewable and renewable energy on carbon emissions in the presence of EKC (Kuznets environmental curve) for the ASEAN economies from the time spam 2000 to 2018 using panel ARDL, Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimation techniques. The results of the PMG estimator confirm the presence of the EKC hypothesis in selected ASEAN countries. Furthermore, Trade and renewable energy minimize carbon dioxide emissions, whereas non-renewable upsurges CO2 emissions. The outcomes also revealed cointegration amongst carbon emissions and renewable energy and one-way causation found from income to CO2 productions, non-renewable energy to carbon emissions, and trade openness toward carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, it concluded that ASEAN states that the government should advise the industries and all sectors to modify their energy sources from non-renewable energy sources to renewable energy sources. Because it helps to increase the level of energy and economic growth in reducing the carbon emission level.

This study responds to the critical imperative of strengthening renewable energy (RE) education and fostering sustainable development awareness among secondary school students in Malaysia and Oman. It investigates the feasibility of using the mobile learning module named "MyREL" to enhance students' understanding, awareness, and interest for RE and sustainable development. The research findings underscore significant improvements in students' knowledge levels post-implementation of the "MyREL" module, with a more substantial increase observed in Oman. Developed content within "MyREL" plays a pivotal role in enhancing students' awareness of RE and climate issues, addressing the initial low levels of awareness in both countries. Notably, the study reveals a remarkable boost in students' interest in pursuing higher education and careers in the RE sector, highlighting the module's effectiveness in nurturing interest. While acknowledging study limitations, such as a small sample size and a brief intervention period, the research encourages future exploration to refine content, employ diverse teaching strategies, and conduct long-term assessments for knowledge and interest retention. Ultimately, this feasibility study underscores the significance of technology-enhanced learning, exemplified by "MyREL," in advancing RE literacy and advancing global efforts to combat climate change while facilitating the transition to cleaner energy sources

Renewable energy and market-based approaches to greenhouse gas reduction—opportunity or obstacle?

This research paper identifies fiscal policy gaps that occur in Indonesia's renewable energy (RE) sector and analyses its political economy. Primary data from 37 stakeholders and secondary data from fiscal policies from Indonesia's 2007–2017 taken from Ministry of Finance (MOF) and Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) regulation databases. The fiscal policy data were analysed using a cluster approach and meta-synthesis method. The results show that Indonesia has experienced multi-faceted principal-agent problems between PT PLN, the agent with sole authority to manage electricity transmissions, and various principals, namely the Ministry of State Owned Enterprises (MSOE), the MEMR, the Ministry of Industry (MOI) as the intermediary between domestic and foreign RE industries, and the MOF. While changing the MEMR's feed-in-tariff (FiT) policies sends an uncertain policy signal, the MOF's fiscal incentive policies other than FiT to promote RE development in Indonesia remain sub-optimal; the fiscal policies required to incentivise a large volume of small- and medium-scale investment in RE are absent. Differentiated tax rates and tax-break periods for national and foreign companies on the micro, small and medium scales could significantly accelerate the development of RE by both domestic and foreign companies, supporting Indonesia in achieving its sustainable development goals and emission reduction targets under its nationally determined contribution.

This research is motivated by the role of the Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR), a think tank in the energy and environmental sectors. IESR has a significant role in encouraging Indonesia-Australia renewable energy cooperation between the period 2018 to 2023, IESR has participated to support an increase in the application of renewable energy in Indonesia. The benefits of this research as a simple form of formulating how cooperation between Indonesia and Australia through the role of IESR to strengthen bilateral relations in the renewable energy sector. Meanwhile, this research also shares information related to several cooperation programs applied by IESR in cooperation between Indonesia and Australia through the renewable energy sector. The author uses journal search websites such as Google Scholar to search for literature related to IESR's role in renewable energy cooperation. The author also uses the Harzing; Published or Published application to detect the findings of relevant scientific publications and can measure related impacts through this understanding, this research can contribute to the development of an effective IESR role in the future. The author identifies several aspects related to IESR's role in renewable energy cooperation. First, IESR's role in facilitating the implementation of cooperation programs and information exchange in the renewable energy sector between Indonesia and Australia. And secondly, the role of IESR's cooperation evaluation is to encourage urgency in the renewable and sustainable energy sector..