A Lifecycle-Based Framework for Optimizing Photovoltaic Waste Management in Malaysia: Environmental and Economic Evidence from Kedah, Malaysia

In Malaysia, landfills are being filled up rapidly due to the current daily generation of approximately 30,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste. This situation creates the crucial need for improved landfilling practices, as sustainable landfilling technology is yet to be achieved here. The objective of this paper is to identify and evaluate the development and trends in landfilling practices in Malaysia. In 1970, the disposal sites in Malaysia were small and prevailing waste disposal practices was mere open-dumping. This network of relatively small dumps, typically located close to population centres, was considered acceptable for a relatively low population of 10 million in Malaysia. In the 1980s, a national programme was developed to manage municipal and industrial wastes more systematically and to reduce adverse environmental impacts. The early 1990s saw the privatization of waste management in many parts of Malaysia, and the establishment of the first sanitary landfills for MSW and an engineered landfill (called 'secure landfill' in Malaysia) for hazardous waste. A public uproar in 2007 due to contamination of a drinking water source from improper landfilling practices led to some significant changes in the government's policy regarding the country's waste management strategy. Parliament passed the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management (SWPCM) Act 2007 in August 2007. Even though the Act is yet to be implemented, the government has taken big steps to improve waste management system further. The future of the waste management in Malaysia seems somewhat brighter with a clear waste management policy in place. There is now a foundation upon which to build a sound and sustainble waste management and disposal system in Malaysia.

The aim of this paper is to explore the reasons why Full Cost Accounting (FCA) has not been adopted for the development of regulatory controls by solid waste management (SWM) in Malaysia. A case study methodology is used for the exploratory research undertaken in this study. Thematic analysis is used and it reveals that lack of regulation is a central barrier to the adoption of FCA. FCA emerges as a supported but little understood concept among participants who are environmentally sensitive. The findings are theorised against Roger’s (1995) innovation-adoption model and revealed that two types of innovations relations to adoption of FCA in SWM in Malaysia. One was the behavioural change aimed at better SWM. The other was the awareness of the need for FCA.

Construction industry is continuing to be one of the principle drivers of development in Malaysia. Malaysian construction sector plays an importance role in increasing income for the country and providing job opportunities. The rapid development in Malaysia has increased the demand of concrete for construction purposes and on the other hand the concrete waste is also increasing every year and it has been pointed out as the most generated waste from construction industry. Concrete wastes are having the huge component size and harm to the environment. Meanwhile, the increasing of concrete wastes has created the landfilling issue. Malaysia is having limited landfill areas and those concrete wastes are rapidly fill up the landfill and caused the saturation of landfills. Besides, Malaysia is a developing country and there is less of knowledge and skill of waste management. The lack of efficient and proper waste management technologies has caused the increasing of construction cost and waste of resources. In fact, conduct a proper and efficiency concrete waste management technology is the long-term solution to saving the construction costs, prevent the depletion of natural aggregates resources, solve the landfills problem and protect the natural environment. Therefore, the aim of this research paper is to investigate and conclude out a proper concrete waste management which could improve the current concrete waste management in Malaysia. A literature review from related books, conferences papers and journal articles was carried out. The findings show that the awareness of Malaysian construction industry regarding waste management is still generally low and there is very little information on the study of current concrete waste management in Malaysia. Hence, an investigation is needed to find out the current situation of concrete waste management in Malaysia and along with find out an efficient waste management practices. Questionnaire approach has been adapted to achieve out the research aim and objectives. From the data obtained, current circumstances of construction and demolition waste management in Malaysia, level of awareness of construction practitioner and the best alternative concrete waste management practice have been found. It found that concrete caused most construction problem in Malaysia. Other than that, it found that Malaysian construction practitioner has high awareness level on C&D waste management, and they are having high expectation and willingness on improve the current C&D waste management situation in Malaysia.

Solid waste management in Malaysia is under the responsibility of the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Corporation or commonly known as SWCorp. It is licensed under the National Solid Waste Management Department, a department directed by the Ministry of Urban Well-being, Housing, and Local Government. SWCorp is responsible for setting up policies on solid waste management under the direct overview of the ministry. Solid waste management in Malaysia has undergone various levels of transformation from managing generated solid waste such as reusing and recycling before 2015 to reducing and segregating solid waste at source since 2015. The management of solid waste at source is emphasized by the enforcement of the 672 Act: Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 in September 2015. Nevertheless, behavioral transformation requires a commitment to social responsibility, namely reducing, reusing, and recycling activities, in all sectors of the community. This chapter discusses and examines Malaysian consumers’ commitment to social responsibility in solid waste management from the perspectives of NGOs and youth. The consumer sector is the most crucial group in the community as it represents the main grassroots. Furthermore, the commitment at grassroots is more sustainable and longstanding compared to top-down enforcement. Additionally, given that NGOs are more sensitive to the transformation of public behavior, and youth are our future decision makers on the fate of the environment, this chapter discusses consumers’ commitment to social responsibility in waste management through the perspectives of NGOs and youth. The analysis regarding the commitment of Malaysian consumers through the perspectives of NGOs and youth indicates that Malaysian consumers are more committed to performing recycling and reusing activities as compared to reducing activities. These findings illustrate Malaysian consumers’ reluctance to embrace the philosophy behind behavioral transformation, that is prevention is better than cure. In this case, they are slow to adapt to the behavioral transformation activities related to reduce, segregate, and compost solid waste at the source.

Solid waste management (SWM) has become a critical issue in Malaysia, with increasing amounts of waste generated every year and limited resources available to manage it effectively. Additionally, the halal food industry is rapidly growing and expanding globally due to the rising Muslim population, predicted to reach 2.2 billion by 2030 at an annual growth rate of 1.5 percent. This increasing production and consumption of halal food has an impact on the environment. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize solid waste management by improving efficiency, reducing costs, and optimizing waste management processes. This mini review provides an overview of the impact of AI on solid waste management in Malaysia, focusing on the current trends, challenges, and opportunities in the industry, particularly in the halal food sector. The review offers insights into the potential of AI in enhancing waste collection, optimizing waste management processes, improving resource recovery and recycling, and reducing waste to landfill. Additionally, the review explores the current initiatives, projects, and developments in the field of AI and solid waste management in Malaysia and identifies areas for future research and collaboration. The review concludes that AI has a significant role to play in improving solid waste management in Malaysia, and continued investment and development in this area is necessary to achieve sustainable waste management practices. Furthermore, its findings have the potential for wider applications and inspire future research in AI-based waste management solutions across various industries. The findings and recommendations of this review have the potential to be adapted and implemented in other industries facing similar waste management challenges.

Abstract
 Perception in relation to environment, which is process by individuals organize and interpret the impression of their senses to give meaning to their environment. With the perception, attitude will be formed which stable tendency to act in certain situations. The purpose of this study is to find out the perception of the people in Malaysia towards to waste management which seen from the role of the people in waste management, the motivation of the people to participate and the activities of people participation in waste management. This type of research is descriptive qualitative using observation, interview, and documentation study techniques in data collection. The results of the analysis of this study are: a) public perception of waste management in Malaysia b) efforts made by the government in relation to waste management in Malaysia c) impact of increasing waste production in Malaysia.
 
 Kata Kunci : Waste, Perception, Waste Management

Disaster Waste Management in Malaysia is still at the early stage of its research. Disaster can create large volumes of debris and waste and mismanagement of disaster waste can affect both the response and long term recovery of disaster affected area. The government of Malaysia is taking serious about this issue. This paper is aim to explore the issues, policies and strategies regarding disaster waste management in Malaysia. The objectives were to investigate the extent of disaster waste effects on the environment and to provide a basis from which the needs of waste management could be evaluated in disaster management guidelines. Qualitative method of data collection has been adopted in this study. The respondent are among the local authority and organization that involved in managing wastes. The finding shows that many of the policies regarding waste management in Malaysia has not been well implemented. The purpose of this paper is expected to improve the method of managing disaster waste in Malaysia.

The issue of food waste continues to be a challenge especially when it comes to practicing sustainable food waste management in Malaysia. Much attention is needed to overcome the issue of food waste in order to make changes towards the current situation. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the factors related to the urban households’ intention towards sustainable food waste management in Malaysia. Data from 200 respondents was collected through an online survey using purposive sampling method. Thereafter, factor analysis was adopted to analyze the relationship between the factors influencing the intention of households to practice sustainable food waste management. Descriptive analysis showed that respondents from the survey had high intention of practicing sustainable food waste management and the majority of the respondents claimed that it would reduce environmental harm. Based on the factor analysis, the determinants related to the households’ intention of practicing sustainable food waste management were attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and intention of reducing food waste. To curb the growing issues of food waste, local authorities have implemented various strategies and campaigns to create awareness as well as ensuring practices to reduce local food waste, such as waste segregation laws, building anaerobic digesters for food courts, composting facilities, the MY Save Food initiative, and others. However, the efforts and the efficiency of the local authority to minimize local food waste are still under observation. Perhaps, all levels of the community should increase their cooperation to provide the drive towards a zero-food waste culture in Malaysia.

Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malaysia: An Insight Towards Sustainability

In Malaysia, urban waste generation increased 3% annually due to urban migration, affluence and rapid development. To date, the waste generation in Kuala Lumpur had increased tenfold since 1990s from approximately 590 tonnes to 3000 tonnes/day mainly dominated by organic waste of approximately 50% of the total waste stream. Almost 95% of wastes collected are disposed of into more than 300 landfills that landfill space is being exhausted rapidly. The fact that landfills are seen as a mere burden and not as a commodity (to generate Energy) in Malaysia is another aspect that impedes establishment of sustainable landfills. Though many challenges become the hurdles for an efficient waste management in the country, recent development namely the passing of Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 has carved a brighter future for waste management in Malaysia. This chapter elaborates the development of waste management trend in Malaysia from 1970s to the current years. Various case studies are given to highlight some of the crucial events that lead to the progress of waste management in Malaysia.

In Malaysia, urban waste generation increased 3% annually due to urban migration, affluence and rapid development. To date, the waste generation in Kuala Lumpur had increased tenfold since the 1990s from approximately 590 tonnes to 3000 tonnes/day mainly dominated by organic waste of approximately 50% of the total waste stream. Almost 95% of wastes collected are disposed of into more than 300 landfills; that landfill space is being exhausted rapidly. The fact that landfills are seen as a mere burden and not as a commodity (to generate Energy) in Malaysia is another aspect that impedes establishment of sustainable landfills. Though many challenges become the hurdles for an efficient waste management in the country, recent development, namely the passing of Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 has carved a brighter future for waste management in Malaysia. This chapter elaborates the development of the waste management trend in Malaysia from the 1970s to the current years. Various case studies are given to highlight some of the crucial events that lead to the progress of waste management in Malaysia.

Waste management has emerged as a critical challenge in Malaysia, driven by rapid urbanization, industrialization and changing consumption patterns. In response to these challenges, logispreneurs, a new breed of entrepreneurs with expertise in logistics and supply chain management, have emerged as key players in transforming waste management practices in the country. This research explores the vital roles and contributions of logispreneurs in the context of waste management in Malaysia, focusing on their efforts to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and environmental responsibility. Through a simple literature analysis, this study highlights the multifaceted roles that logispreneurs play in shaping the waste management landscape. They pioneer integrated waste collection and transportation systems, leveraging advanced technologies and data analytics to optimize routes and reduce carbon footprints. Moreover, logispreneurs lead the way in establishing reverse logistics networks for recyclable materials, fostering excellent recycling rates and diverting substantial waste from landfills. Logispreneurs specialize in managing hazardous waste materials, and ensuring safe transportation and disposal while complying with environmental regulations. They also contribute to public awareness and education campaigns, raising consciousness about sustainable waste management practices nationwide. This study elucidates the pivotal role logispreneurs play in revolutionizing waste management practices in Malaysia. Their logistics expertise and environmental consciousness amalgam present a promising pathway toward a sustainable future. By optimizing supply chain efficiencies, driving innovation and embracing social and environmental responsibility, logispreneurs are instrumental in building a resilient waste management ecosystem that ensures preservation of Malaysia's natural resources and safeguards the well-being of its citizens for generations to come.

Waste management is a crucial area related to the economic status of a country and the lifestyle of its population. Solid waste management can be defined as a discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes (Tchobanoglous 1993) and in spite of the aggressive economic development in Malaysia, the solid waste management is relatively poor(MMHLG 1988; Nesadurai 1999).The main objective is to improve waste minimization strategy and control. Modern waste management is shifted to a more flexible waste hierarchy concept, also called as 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) policies (Tanaka 1999; Wilson 2007). The developing Asia counts as the fastest and largest waste generator globally and a closer inspection reveals a mix of general and specific elements of policy dynamics in the evolution and adoption of waste management policies (UNCRD et al. 2009).

Sustainable waste management has become a critical global concern, and Malaysia is no exception. With the country's increasing urbanization and economic growth, waste generation has risen significantly, posing environmental and social challenges. This paper explores the concept of sustainable waste management in Malaysia and proposes leveraging supply chain solutions as a pathway towards a greener future. The study examines the current waste management practices, their limitations, and the potential environmental impacts. It highlights the need for integrated and innovative approaches encompassing the entire waste management supply chain, from collection to disposal. By adopting sustainable supply chain practices, such as waste segregation, recycling, and waste-to-energy conversion, Malaysia can achieve more efficient resource utilization, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and minimize landfill usage. Furthermore, the paper addresses the role of government policies, private sector engagement, and public awareness in fostering a successful transition towards sustainable waste management. The findings and recommendations presented in this study contribute to the ongoing efforts to develop a comprehensive and eco-friendly waste management system in Malaysia and serve as a model for other developing nations facing similar challenges.

The Movement Control Order (MCO) is a security measure implemented globally to reduce the spread of Covid19. The implementation of MCO has been beneficial to the environment, particularly at various tourism destinations. However, since the lifting of MCO's, there have been numerous reports of littering by tourists. Therefore, the present study's main objective is to investigate tourists' attitudes towards proper solid waste management during visits to outdoor recreational areas in Malaysia. Furthermore, this study also investigates the motivation and volunteerism value amongst tourists. This study utilized an online questionnaire to gather the data from the 415 respondents participating in this study. Our study discovered that most local tourists were shown to have a positive attitude and motivation towards proper solid waste management. However, voluntary participation in proper solid waste management is still below the desirable level. The study revealed the current tourist attitude, motivation and volunteerism with regards to solid waste management in Malaysia. From the findings, the importance of the continuous public, government, and stakeholders efforts to raise awareness while maintaining a positive attitude and motivation is essential to boost volunteerism amongst tourists regarding waste management in Malaysia.