A hybrid model of prairie dog optimization and closed-form continuous-time neural networks for next generation lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries

The editorial summarizes the contents of the special issue for energy storage in Advanced Functional Materials.

In the attempt to tackle the issue of climate change, governments across the world have agreed to set global carbon reduction targets. [...]

The integration of an energy storage system into an integrated energy system (IES) enhances renewable energy penetration while catering to diverse energy loads. In previous studies, the adoption of a battery energy storage (BES) system posed challenges related to installation capacity and capacity loss, impacting the technical and economic performance of the IES. To overcome these challenges, this study introduces a novel design incorporating a compressed CO2 energy storage (CCES) system into an IES. This integration mitigates the capacity loss issues associated with BES systems and offers advantages for configuring large-scale IESs. A mixed integer linear programming problem was formulated to optimize the configuration and operation of the IES. With an energy storage capacity of 267 MWh, the IES integrated with a CCES (IES–CCES) system incurred an investment cost of MUSD 161.9, slightly higher by MUSD 0.5 compared to the IES integrated with a BES (IES–BES) system. When not considering the capacity loss of the BES system, the annual operation cost of the IES–BES system was 0.5 MUSD lower than that of the IES–CCES system, amounting to MUSD 766.6. However, considering the capacity loss of the BES system, this study reveals that the operation cost of the IES–BES system surpassed that of the IES–CCES system beyond the sixth year. Over the 30-year lifespan of the IES, the total cost of the IES–CCES system was MUSD 4.4 lower than the minimum total cost of the IES–BES system.

Carbon emissions from fossil fuels significantly contribute to global warming. To mitigate these emissions, Electric Vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy stored in Energy Storage Systems (ESS) have been introduced to achieve net-zero carbon emissions. Various types of batteries, including Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion), Lead Acid (Pb-Acid), and Nickel Cadmium (NiCd), are used in EVs and ESS to meet the increasing demand. This article examines the effect of different battery profiles on the performance of batteries in ESS. The paper presents a simulation study of an EV charging system using MATLAB, incorporating a 600 V ESS battery with a 100 Ah capacity and an EV battery rated at 400 V and 50 Ah. The study explores the charging and discharging performance of Li-Ion, Pb-Acid, and NiCd batteries and investigates the impact of different battery connection arrangements and aging factors on battery performance. According to the findings, the state of charge (SOC), voltage, and current significantly influence battery charging and discharging performance. The results suggest that Li-Ion batteries with series-parallel connections outperform others, maintaining approximately 49.93% SOC with a minimal 0.07% drop after 10 seconds. Furthermore, aging batteries show a faster SOC decline, with Li-Ion batteries demonstrating the most stable performance across metrics. The research highlights that series-parallel Li-Ion configurations best support EV charging applications due to their efficiency and durability.

Power system reliability can be improved with the use of energy storage. Energy storage technologies are examined critically, including storage kinds, categorizations, and comparisons. Electrochemical and battery energy storage, thermal and thermochemical energy storage, flywheel energy storage, compressed air energy storage, pumped energy storage, magnetic energy storage, chemical and hydrogen energy storage are all taken into account. The recent research on novel energy storage kinds and its significant achievements and discoveries in energy storage are analyzed. It is the goal of this study to undertake a complete and systematic evaluation of the influence of battery energy storage systems (BESS) on power systems and microgrids. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and the start of 2021 provides the basis of the SLR (Systematic Literature Review). Due to inadequate wind or sunlight, renewable energy sources (RESs) like wind and solar are regularly subjected to swings. Energy storage technologies (ESTs) help to solve the issue by storing extra energy and making it available when it’s needed. Despite the fact that there are several EST investigations, the literature is fragmented and out of date. The comparison of EST features and applications is very brief. The purpose of this article is to fill that void. It identifies major ESTs and offers an updated overview of the literature on ESTs and their potential use in the renewable energy industry, based on a set of criteria. The critical analysis reveals that Li-ion batteries have a high potential applicability in the utility grid integration sector and are BESS suited to alleviate RES volatility. However, Li-ion batteries’ costs must be decreased in order for them to be completely utilized in RES utility grid integration. It has long been shown to improve system dependability and reduce transmission costs by introducing energy storage into power networks. The development of energy storage devices is aided by regulations that promote the use of renewable energy sources rather than fossil fuels. There are also voids in this field of research. To help academics better grasp the dependability implications of energy storage systems and fill in knowledge gaps in the field, this review is available. Reduced emissions and global warming as a result of the increased usage of renewable energy resources In terms of renewable energy, wind turbines and solar PV systems are two of the most common. In contrast, the advantages and downsides of using renewable energy sources are numerous. Renewable energy’s biggest flaw is its inability to generate consistent amounts of power. It is difficult to maintain a balance between generation and demand due to the irregularity of renewable energy sources’ power output and the sudden spikes or dips in demand. Consequently, there will be deviations in grid voltage and frequency, leading to operational difficulties and perhaps jeopardizing grid stability. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) can be used to regulate the output of renewable energy sources and keep the grid stable.

Recently, lightweight, bendable and wearable electronic devices have been prevailing in the markets, there is a strong demand for high performance flexible electrode-active materials without binder and conductive agent that possess a high flexibility and energy capacity [1-3]. Li-ion batteries have received great attention as power sources for portable electronic devices, hybrid electric vehicles and energy storage system. However, considering the limited and uneven distribution of lithium minerals, room temperature Na-ion batteries have received growing attention because of their low cost and abundant supply. Na-ion batteries and Li-ion batteries share the same architecture of battery design. One of the major challenges for Na-ion batteries is to discover suitable electrode materials with high and stable sodium storage capabilities. We propose here a polypyrrole (PPy) thin film synthesized by an easy, inexpensive and scalable vapor phase polymerization (VPP) technique (Figure 1) [3]. As shown in Figure 1, the obtained PPy film shows smooth surface and continuously cross-linked structure. From the XRD and HR-TEM results (Figure 1), the obtained PPy film possesses well-ordered crystallized structure, which is helpful for Li+ and Na+charges transfer and storage. The as-derived free-standing PPy film anodes exhibit high rate performance and stable cycling life for both Li-ion batteries and Na-ion batteries. Detailed electrochemical properties and the structural transformation during charge-discharge processes of PPy film as anodes for Li-ion batteries and Na-ion batteries will be presented at the meeting. Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation of China (21403139, 51472161, 51472160), the Shanghai Pujiang Program (No. 14PJ1407100), the Key Program for the Fundamental Research of the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (15JC1490800, 12JC1406900) and the International Cooperation Program of the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (14520721700). We acknowledge the support of the Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning (TP2014048) and the Hujiang Foundation of China (B14006).

This paper proposes a novel control scheme to complement commercial controllers of wind farms augmented with battery energy storage (BES) systems. The scheme enhances smart grid flexibility by improving frequency response of the wind farms, i.e. their ability to change their active power output in response to a frequency change. The novelty of the paper lies in the coordinated control of frequency response from wind energy conversion (WEC) and BES systems. Distinct from existing methods, the proposed scheme is applicable to both small- and large-scale BES systems. Furthermore, dynamic models of the WEC and BES systems are presented to overcome some technical issues of existing literature, e.g. frequency oscillation. The effectiveness of the developed control scheme is verified through simulations using PSS/E software tool and improved frequency response from an exemplar wind farm in Ireland is assessed against the Irish grid code requirements and the Irish system operator's multi-year DS3 programme.

Recently ambient temperature sodium-ion batteries have drawn great attention particularly in large-scale electric energy storage applications for renewable energy and smart grid due to the low cost and abundant sodium resources. Up to now, lots of cathode and anode materials as well as electrolytes have been proposed for Na-ion batteries. However, little research about the safety issue of Na-ion batteries has been carried out. It is well known that Li-ion batteries have thermal risk under abuse or severe environment. Because Na-ion batteries have similar working mechanism as Li-ion batteries and sodium shows even higher reactivity against air, the study on thermal stability of Na-ion batteries is indispensable for its practical application.Iron oxyfluoride (FeOF) is a kind of iron based conversion type cathode material, which had been proposed as a cathode material for Li-ion batteries and obtained a large practical capacity due to conversion reactions [1, 2]. In this study, FeOF was also applied as the cathode material for Na-ion batteries. After electrochemical pretreatment in Na-ion or Li-ion batteries, the charged/discharged FeOF cathodes were mixed with corresponding electrolytes and thermally analyzed. By varying the ratio of cathode/electrolyte in the mixture, the heat generation mechanisms of FeOF cathodes in Na-ion and Li-ion batteries were discussed, and the thermal stability of Na-ion and Li-ion batteries were compared.FeOF was synthesized by a reaction of 1:2.33 molar ratio of Fe2O3 (Sigma-Aldrich) and FeF3 (Soekawa Chemicals Co., Ltd.) at a temperature over 1000 oC in a roll-quenching machine (Harddays Co. Ltd). The synthesized FeOF had been indexed as a tetragonal structure with P42/mnm space group. The obtained FeOF flake was ground with acetylene black using a planetary ball milling machine at a weight ratio of 70:25. 5 wt.% PVdF and polyacrylate binders were added in the cathodes for Li-ion batteries and Na-ion batteries, respectively. The electrochemical measurements were carried out with 2032 coin-type two-electrode cells. In Li-ion batteries, Li foil was used as a counter electrode and 1 mol/cm3 LiPF6/EC-DMC or 1 mol/cm3 LiClO4/PC as an electrolyte. In Na-ion batteries, Na foil was used as a counter electrode and 1 mol/cm3 NaClO4/PC as an electrolyte. The cells were cycled at constant current densities of 10 mA/g (0.02 mA/cm2). For thermal analysis, the cycled cathodes were taken out from the disassembled cells, soaked in PC or DMC, rinsed by DMC, and then vacuum dried. Finally, the cathode powder was packed into a stainless-steel pan together with some amount of corresponding electrolyte. During TG-DSC analysis, the hermetically sealed pan was heat up to 500 oC with a heating rate of 5 oC/min.Figure 1 shows the DSC curves of the mixtures of given amount of lithiated or sodiated FeOF cathode and 1 μl corresponding PC-based electrolytes. In both Li- and Na-ions batteries, charged FeOF cathodes showed large exothermic heat with an onset temperature of about 100 oC. This was attributed to reactions between expanded FeOF at the charged state and the electrolyte. Moreover, intercalated Na ions were found to induce an exothermic heat peaked at about 450 oC, while this peak was not observed in Li-ion batteries. Detailed discussion will be presented at the conference.

Surface Stabilization of O3-type Layered Oxide Cathode to Protect the Anode of Sodium Ion Batteries for Superior Lifespan.

In recent years, the demand for medium and large secondary batteries in EV (electric vehicle) and ESS (energy storage systems) applications has been rapidly increasing worldwide, and accordingly, the market size is increasing exponentially. However, the recent fire accidents related to secondary batteries for EVs and ESS are having a negative impact on the battery market. Therefore, this paper implements an accident simulation device to perform an external short-circuit test, one of the typical safety tests for NMC-series prismatic and pouch-type batteries that are widely used among battery cells used in medium and large secondary batteries. The implemented accident simulation device for the external short-circuit test is composed of short-circuit resistance, measuring device, control device, etc., and is configured to analyze external short-circuit characteristics according to various test conditions. Based on this, an external short-circuit test according to the type, short-circuit resistance and SOC (states of charge) of the lithium-ion battery was performed to confirm the current and temperature characteristics according to each condition. As a result of performing an external short-circuit test for each protection device in the battery module and preprocessing temperature, it is certain that the module fuse operates over 120 times faster than the cell fuse based on the same SOC conditions, and the quantity of electric charge in the module fuse is over 110 times smaller than of the cell fuse in the case of a short-circuit fault. It is also found that the highest and lowest preprocessing temperatures are considered to be severe conditions. Based on the proposed mechanism of an external short circuit in a Li-ion battery and the test device for the external short circuit, it is confirmed that this paper can contribute to the safety assessment of Li-ion battery-based ESS.

Due to the dramatic growth of the global population, building multi-story buildings has become a necessity, which strongly requires the installation of an elevator regardless of the type of building being built. This study focuses on households, which are the second-largest electricity consumers after the transportation sector. In residential buildings, elevators impose huge electricity costs because they are used by many consumers. The novelty of this paper is implementing a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS), including an ultracapacitor Energy Storage (UCES) and a Battery Energy Storage (BES) system, in order to reduce the amount of power and energy consumed by elevators in residential buildings. The control strategy of this study includes two main parts. In the first stage, an indirect field-oriented control strategy is implemented to provide new features and flexibility to the system and take benefit of the regenerative energy received from the elevator’s motor. In the second stage, a novel control strategy is proposed to control the HESS efficiently. In this context, the HESS is only fed by regenerated power so the amount of energy stored in the UC can be used to reduce peak consumption. Meanwhile, the BES supplies common electrical loads in the building, e.g., washing machines, heating services (both boiler and heat pump), and lighting, which helps to achieve a nearly zero energy building.

Present development and future perspectives on biowaste-derived hard carbon anodes for room temperature sodium-ion batteries

The penetration level of renewable energy (RE) resources used to supply electricity is expected to increase rapidly in the coming years. This growth is strongly encouraged by the government through various policies such as renewable portfolio standards and feed-in tariffs. [1]However, because the performance of a power system is critically constrained by many factors that impact its stability, having a high penetration of RE resources with an unpredictable nature in bulk power systems is very challenging for system operators. [2]To address the stability issues of RE, it has been proposed that large-scale energy storage systems (ESS) be applied to bulk power systems. ESS can be controlled to supply quickly the exact amount of power required in securing the stability of the power system, even with a very high penetration of RE resources that can negatively impact the dynamic performance of the power system. In addition, ESS’s can also be used to provide ancillary services, such as frequency regulation, and bulk energy services, such as peak-shaving and load-leveling, in power systems. Load-leveling and peak-shaving are ESS applications that provide long-term services, wherein the charging and discharging of power takes place within several hours. These services involve charging the ESS during periods when the loads of electric power are low and discharging the stored energy to the power system when the loads are high. [3]In this work, a demonstration of a large-scale, grid-connected 4 MW/8 MWh battery ESS (BESS) using lithium-ion batteries (LiB), has been implemented. The 4 MW/8 MWh BESS is simultaneously connected to a 22.9 kV substation bus and distribution line in the Jocheon substation on Jeju Island. Operation strategies of the BESS have also been developed for peak-shaving (or electric energy time-shift). The peak-shaving operation uses the expected load for the next day. Also, the effects of peak-shaving are also analyzed in this work.In this work, 60Ah(Ampere hour) LiB cell was employed, and 16 cells were assembled to 1.8kWh-class module. A tray consisted of two modules, and one rack was installed using 16 battery trays, a rack BMS(Battery Management System), and a switch gear. One container consisted of 18 racks connected in parallel which summed up to 1MWh capacity. The developed energy storage system was based on a technology of small lithium rechargeable battery. The BESS consisted of three-stage control system as Tray, Rack, and System. The smallest component of BESS is battery cell. The rated capacity of battery cell is 60Ah and 3.7V. BESS is available to change battery capacity by connecting the battery cells in series or parallel. The 1MWh LiB system consisted of eighteen battery racks in parallel. BMS is responsible for monitoring the individual control and protection functions for the entire circuit unit cells. The system BMS is in charge of calculating a state of charge, state of health, power prediction, and internal impedance of the system. This can support the communication protocols of CAN 2.08, RS-485, and MODbus-TCP/IP. The rack BMS is used for monitoring the voltage and the current of the rack and calculating a state of charge, state of health, power prediction, and internal impedance of the rack. In addition, this in charge of the switching control and the cell balancing in the rack. Finally, the tray BMS can measure the voltage and the temperature of each cell, and control the cell balancing in the tray. The ESS of a 4MW PCS and 8MWh batteries installed in Jocheon substation, Jeju Island. There are four 1MW PCS configured to have a total capacity of 4MW. Each 1MW PCS is connected to two containers of 1MWh batteries with a total of 2MWh capacity paired in one PCS. This makes the discharge duration of 2 hours. In addition, the BESS may be charged from the grid and discharge power to the grid thru the PCS as dictated by the PMS. Using a large scale energy storage device can give numerous benefits such as load factor improvement, peak shaving and load leveling, improve quality of distributed renewable energy, support emergency power supply, and offer high-quality power service to customers. The introduction of a large scale energy storage system to the grid can enhance the smart grid to respond efficiently to the demand of electricity from consumers with real-time power output control. Fig. 1 shows the original load and shaved one by ESS operation. From ESS operation for peak shaving, the 5.5 percent and 4.8 percent of peak shaving could be obtained in winter and summer peak time respectively. Figure 1

The main objective of Load Frequency Control (LFC) is to regulate the power output of the generator within an area in response to changes in system frequency and tie-line loading. LFC helps in maintaining the scheduled system frequency and tie-line power interchange with the other areas within the prescribed limits. The conventional controllers are slow and do not allow the controller designer to take into account possible changes in operating condition and non-linearities in the generator unit. When there is a variation in the load demand on a generating unit, there is a momenterial occurrence of unbalance between real power input and output. To compensate this power imbalance, an external Battery Energy Storage (BES) system is incorporated. Frequency oscillations due to large load disturbance can be effectively damped by fast acting energy storage devices such as Battery Energy Storage systems. The energy storage devices share the sudden changes in power requirement in the load. This paper presents the qualitative and quantitative comparison of conventional controllers and BES system in Load Frequency Control (LFC) of a typical two area interconnected power system. The superiority of the performance of BES over conventional controllers is highlighted and discussed in this paper.

Technical and economic design of photovoltaic and battery energy storage system