A history of hate crime

This introductory book offers a coherent history of twentieth century crime and the law in Britain, with chapters on topics ranging from homicide to racial hate crime, from incest to anarchism, from gangs to the death penalty. Pulling together a wide range of literature, David Nash and Anne-Marie Kilday reveal the evolution of attitudes towards criminality and the law over the course of the twentieth century. Highlighting important periods of change and development that have shaped the overall history of crime in Britain, the authors provide in-depth analysis and explanation of each theme. This is an ideal companion for undergraduate students taking courses on Crime in Britain, as well as a fascinating resource for scholars.

This article focuses on political crimes, specifically terrorism and hate crime. Both terrorism and hate crime are criminal activities that are often committed to further a political objective, as opposed to typical or regular crimes that are usually committed for personal reasons such as greed, revenge, or other personal motivations. Political motivations encompass ideological, social, and religious objectives. Several works (e.g., Bruce Hoffman’s Inside Terrorism; see Hoffman 2006, cited under Defining Terrorism and Hate Crime) examine the evolution of terrorism from ancient to modern times. While bias-motivated violence and hate crimes are just as old as terrorism, the United States did not formally adopt hate crime legislation, through the passage of a variety of substantive penalty enhancement and data collection laws, until the late 20th century. Making Hate a Crime (Jenness and Grattet 2004, cited under Defining Terrorism and Hate Crime) explores the history of hate crime legislation, highlighting how various civil rights and victims’ rights movements played a role in the passage of hate crime legislation. In the classic text Hate Crimes Revisited, Jack Levin and Jack McDevitt outline the history of hate crimes, explain why some persons are motivated to commit these crimes, and discuss efforts to combat them (Levin and McDevitt 2002, cited under Defining Terrorism and Hate Crime).

Professional football has attracted large crowds since its inception in the 19th century. It has also had players from different cultures, ethnicities, religions and sexual orientation. Few would argue that players, or indeed spectators, should go to stadia and be subjected to behaviour that would not be tolerated, either morally or legally, in other places. Yet that is exactly what happens on a weekly basis, with many abusive fans describing their behaviour as just ‘banter’ and those who challenge them as the ‘fun police’, whereas a more accurate description is ‘hate crime’. This chapter examines the prosecution approach to tackling hate crime in football. It starts by looking at hate crime generally and the football context specifically. The respective roles of the police, the Crown Prosecution Service and the courts are considered as well as their interplay. The history of hate crime in football in the 19th and 20th centuries is examined, as it explains the genesis of the legislation used to tackle violence and disorder in football. An overview of the scale and breadth of the problem in hate crime is provided by considering events from 2000 to 2020. The chapter looks in detail at the key legislation in place at the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 and how policies and guidance have been developed for prosecutors, in partnership with the police. The two leading cases, on football banning orders (Gough v Chief Constable of Derbyshire) and Section 3 of the Football (Offences) Act 1991 (Director of Public Prosecutions v Stoke on Trent Magistrates’ Court), are examined along with cases from the lower courts reported in the media. It is argued that while the legislation is robust, problems with hate crime persist. Also, the current legislation and regulations, which have been strengthened post COVID-19, and the prosecution police and guidance are assessed. The chapter concludes that while much has been achieved, there is much still to be done – and there is no room for complacency.

Attitudes and belief systems associated with social intolerance and racial bigotry have been part of American society for generations. Analysis of historical records reveals a number of examples of how these social forces have shaped society’s reaction to those they consider to be not part of the mainstream culture. A review of research documented in the literature on social psychology indicates that individuals who hold strong prejudicial beliefs about others based solely on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ancestry often express those feelings in ways that lead to the commission of criminal acts known as hate crimes. The proliferation of hate crime in the United States represents a major social problem that has reached new heights since the 2016 election. The promotion of anti-diversity rhetoric by President Trump and his Republican administration has fueled a stronger, more empowered White nationalist movement in this country whose racist ideology has inspired an uptick in violent attacks against those they consider a threat to the American way of life. Substantial evidence of the rise of bias-related crimes against individuals that are members of racial, ethnic, religious, and sexual minority groups targeted by the administration’s hate campaign can be found in statistics from national surveys that indicate that since the election, the frequency of these type of attacks has more than doubled across the nation. The beating of a Black man at a public rally in Charlottesville, Virginia by White nationalists in August 2017 and the mass shooting that took place at a gay Latino nightclub in Orlando, Florida in 2016 are just two examples of what has become an expanding national trend of hate violence against marginalized groups in our society that are perceived as outsiders. This article presents an analysis of the history of bias-motivated crime in the United States and the national response to this type of criminal behavior. It discusses the psychological and social impact of these crimes on victims, communities, and society. It examines how social workers can implement the intervention techniques of the restorative justice model to help those affected rebuild their lives and communities in the aftermath of crime precipitated by hate.

A History of Incivility, Workplace Bullying, Cyberbullying and Hate Crimes: A Toxic Continuum of Behavior

Devil's sanctuary: an eyewitness history of Mississippi hate crimes

Hate is a specific motive for the commission of criminal offenses. In addition to the crimes committed due to the perpetrator's hatred towards the individual victim (based on the prior relationship which triggers the negative emotion of hate), the history of crimes points to numerous examples of oppression, assault, threat or destruction directed towards the victims because of their actual or presumed affiliation with a particular race, national or ethnic origin, religion or other characteristic of a group (collectivity). Some common features of hate crime as a particular form of criminal behavior are the perpetrator's presumption about the victim's belonging to a particular group; hate, aggression, brutality and violence towards this collectivity; attacks on life, physical and mental integrity and property of the victims, and creating a sense of insecurity. The term "hate crimes" appeared in the mid-1980s in the United States, which initiated empirical research on this phenomenon in an attempt to find effective criminal justice mechanisms. This paper provides a critical analysis of the problem of conceptual definition of hate crimes, the phenomenological aspect of this type of crime, the typology of perpetrators, victims, victimized groups, and presents criminal justice mechanisms aimed at counteracting hate crimes in the criminal legislation of the Republic of Serbia.