A Green Criminological Analysis of Industrial Environmental Crime in Bangladesh: The Karnaphuli River Case

This chapter spotlights the contribution of Marcus Felson’s work, specifically Routine Activity Theory and its outgrowths, to the work of the police crime analyst. In the environmental criminology field, the term “crime analysis” is used to denote what researchers, theorists, and practitioners do in a variety of ways to understand and analyse crime (that is, “Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis” or ECCA) (Wortley & Mazerolle, 2008). However, in the context of this chapter, crime analysis is used more deliberately. That is, a police crime analyst is not anyone who analyses crime, but is someone specifically employed by a police department. The crime analyst examines crime and calls for service data, identifies patterns of crime, conducts statistical analysis, and assists with problem solving of long-and short-term problems (Santos, 2012). A police crime analyst’s main responsibilities are to help police deploy their crime reduction efforts, evaluate the agency’s effectiveness in addressing crime and disorder, and to be an overall authority on the analysis of crime within the agency (Santos, 2012). Consequently, this chapter contends that police crime analysis is fundamentally grounded in applying Routine Activity Theory and its concepts through the practical perspective of the theory, the adoption of problem-oriented policing strategies, and the focus of police crime reduction on geography and the clustering of crime by place. I would argue that Routine Activity Theory is one of the cornerstones of police crime analyst work and that Marcus Felson can be touted as one of the architects of modern crime analysis.

Environmental criminology is a generic label that covers a range of overlapping perspectives. At the core, the various strands of environmental criminology are bound by a common focus on the role that the immediate environment plays in the performance of crime, and a conviction that careful analyses of these environmental influences are the key to the effective investigation, control and prevention of crime. Environmental Crime and Crime Analysis brings together for the first time the key contributions to environmental criminology to comprehensively define the field and synthesize the concepts and ideas surrounding environmental criminology. The chapters are written by leading theorists and practitioners in the field. Each chapter will analyze one of the twelve major elements of environmental criminology and crime analysis. This book will be essential reading for both practitioners and undergraduate and postgraduate students taking courses in this subject.

[About the book] The existence of the separate criminal jurisdiction in Scotland is ignored by most criminological texts purporting to consider crime and criminal justice in 'Britain' or the 'UK'. This book offers a critically-informed analysis and understanding of crime and criminal justice in contemporary Scotland. It considers key areas of criminal justice policy making in Scotland; in particular the extent to which criminal justice in Scotland is increasingly divergent from other UK jurisdictions as well as pressures that may lead to convergences in particular areas, for instance, in relation to trends in youth justice and penal policy. The book considers the extent to which Scottish crime and criminal justice is being affected both by devolution as well as the wider pressures resulting from globalization, Europeanisation and new patterns of migration. While the book has a Scottish focus, it also offers new ways of thinking about criminal justice – relating these issues to wider social divisions and inequalities in contemporary Scottish and UK society. It extends the ‘gaze’ and analysis of criminology by exploring issues such as environmental crime, urban disorder and the new urbanism as well as crimes of the rich and powerful and corporate crime, giving it a relevance and resonance far beyond Scotland. Criminal Justice in Scotland will be an essential text for students in Scotland taking courses in criminology, sociology, social policy, social sciences, law and police sciences, as well as criminal justice practitioners and policy makers in Scotland. It will also be an essential source for students of comparative criminology elsewhere and academics wishing to take Scotland into account in thinking about criminal justice in the UK.

The existence of the separate criminal jurisdiction in Scotland is ignored by most criminological texts purporting to consider crime and criminal justice in 'Britain' or the 'UK'. This book offers a critically-informed analysis and understanding of crime and criminal justice in contemporary Scotland. It considers key areas of criminal justice policy making in Scotland; in particular the extent to which criminal justice in Scotland is increasingly divergent from other UK jurisdictions as well as pressures that may lead to convergences in particular areas, for instance, in relation to trends in youth justice and penal policy. The book considers the extent to which Scottish crime and criminal justice is being affected both by devolution as well as the wider pressures resulting from globalization, Europeanisation and new patterns of migration. While the book has a Scottish focus, it also offers new ways of thinking about criminal justice – relating these issues to wider social divisions and inequalities in contemporary Scottish and UK society. It extends the ‘gaze’ and analysis of criminology by exploring issues such as environmental crime, urban disorder and the new urbanism as well as crimes of the rich and powerful and corporate crime, giving it a relevance and resonance far beyond Scotland. Criminal Justice in Scotland will be an essential text for students in Scotland taking courses in criminology, sociology, social policy, social sciences, law and police sciences, as well as criminal justice practitioners and policy makers in Scotland. It will also be an essential source for students of comparative criminology elsewhere and academics wishing to take Scotland into account in thinking about criminal justice in the UK.

Secretary announced his decision to release the man convicted of the Lockerbie bombing in 1988, Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al-Megrahi, on compassionate grounds, commenting that 'in Scotland, we are a people who pride ourselves on our humanity' as a 'defining characteristic of Scotland and the Scottish people' (MacAskill 2009). As he defended this decision in the face of the outrage of many in the Scottish Parliament and elsewhere he would have done so with the Parliamentary Mace and its inscription 'Wisdom – Justice – Compassion – Integrity' in view. If the political estate lays claim to these virtues on behalf of a dissenting nation to what extent may it be said that Scottish criminal justice embodies and practises them?

[About the book] The existence of the separate criminal jurisdiction in Scotland is ignored by most criminological texts purporting to consider crime and criminal justice in 'Britain' or the 'UK'. This book offers a critically-informed analysis and understanding of crime and criminal justice in contemporary Scotland. It considers key areas of criminal justice policy making in Scotland; in particular the extent to which criminal justice in Scotland is increasingly divergent from other UK jurisdictions as well as pressures that may lead to convergences in particular areas, for instance, in relation to trends in youth justice and penal policy. The book considers the extent to which Scottish crime and criminal justice is being affected both by devolution as well as the wider pressures resulting from globalization, Europeanisation and new patterns of migration. While the book has a Scottish focus, it also offers new ways of thinking about criminal justice – relating these issues to wider social divisions and inequalities in contemporary Scottish and UK society. It extends the ‘gaze’ and analysis of criminology by exploring issues such as environmental crime, urban disorder and the new urbanism as well as crimes of the rich and powerful and corporate crime, giving it a relevance and resonance far beyond Scotland. Criminal Justice in Scotland will be an essential text for students in Scotland taking courses in criminology, sociology, social policy, social sciences, law and police sciences, as well as criminal justice practitioners and policy makers in Scotland. It will also be an essential source for students of comparative criminology elsewhere and academics wishing to take Scotland into account in thinking about criminal justice in the UK.

[About the book] The existence of the separate criminal jurisdiction in Scotland is ignored by most criminological texts purporting to consider crime and criminal justice in 'Britain' or the 'UK'. This book offers a critically-informed analysis and understanding of crime and criminal justice in contemporary Scotland. It considers key areas of criminal justice policy making in Scotland; in particular the extent to which criminal justice in Scotland is increasingly divergent from other UK jurisdictions as well as pressures that may lead to convergences in particular areas, for instance, in relation to trends in youth justice and penal policy. The book considers the extent to which Scottish crime and criminal justice is being affected both by devolution as well as the wider pressures resulting from globalization, Europeanisation and new patterns of migration. While the book has a Scottish focus, it also offers new ways of thinking about criminal justice – relating these issues to wider social divisions and inequalities in contemporary Scottish and UK society. It extends the ‘gaze’ and analysis of criminology by exploring issues such as environmental crime, urban disorder and the new urbanism as well as crimes of the rich and powerful and corporate crime, giving it a relevance and resonance far beyond Scotland. Criminal Justice in Scotland will be an essential text for students in Scotland taking courses in criminology, sociology, social policy, social sciences, law and police sciences, as well as criminal justice practitioners and policy makers in Scotland. It will also be an essential source for students of comparative criminology elsewhere and academics wishing to take Scotland into account in thinking about criminal justice in the UK.

Environmental criminology and crime analysis

The criminological analysis of organized crime can be carried out on the basis of quantitative and qualitative indicators. Among the quantitative indicators are: crime rate, criminal record, crime price, crime rates and crime dynamics. Qualitative indicators are: structure, nature and geography of crime.The article provides quantitative and qualitative indicators of organized crime using statistical information on the results of the fight against organized groups and criminal organizations) for 2017–2018, which is presented by Prosecutor General’s Office of Ukraine.Based on the analysis of organized crime in Ukraine, it has been established that three types of criminal associations are widespread behind the nature of activities: with corrupt ties, with inter-regionalties, and transnational ties. It was established that among criminal associations, 7–12% have corrupt ties, 13–14% have inter-regional ties. At the same time, the number of particularly serious and serious crimes of criminal associations revealed increased from 476 (2017) to 920 (an increase of 93%) in 2018. The main areas of activity of criminal associations in Ukraine are such sectors of the economy as the coal and oil and gas industries; banking and budget systems.The geography of the number of identified criminal associations in 2018 shows that in total criminal associations were neutralized in Kyiv (22), Kharkov oblast (19) Odessa oblast (18), Dnipropetrovsk oblast (17), Donetsk oblast (17), Kiev oblast (sixteen). In general, in Ukraine for 2017–2018. In 2018, there was a tendency to increase the number of criminal associations with interregional ties that involved a corrupt method of criminal activity.

Objective: This research wants to explore the following. Analysis of Environmental Crime as a Transnational Crime Involving Corporations and Analysis of Law Enforcement Problems Regarding Company Responsibility as Perpetrators of Environmental Crime. Methodology: This research is a normative legal research based on empirical cases using a statutory approach. Techniques for obtaining through Normative law by researching legal material, primary, secondary legal material, and also tertiary legal material. In empirical legal research, data collection techniques exist 2 (two) techniques that can be used, either individually or together. An interview is a direct question-and-answer session between researchers and respondents or sources for getting information. Results: The results of this research show that the problems in law enforcement against corporations in environmental crimes can be grouped as follows: There is no legal provision that regulates the definition of corporations, or sanctions for corporations that commit environmental crimes; Law enforcement is still offender oriented without any legal protection for victims; Weak evidence and lack of expert witnesses. Document study is a method of collecting data use and study documentation or documents in the form of archives, notes, and tables, places used as research. Conclusion: Environmental crime is a transnational crime because most environmental crimes often involve corporations. Legal regulations for environmental crimes against corporations are still very difficult to implement and encounter various problems. The problem of law enforcement against corporations can be grouped with legal provisions governing corporations, for corporations that commit environmental crimes, due to weak evidence and a lack of expert witnesses.

Fereydunkenar county hosts millions of migratory birds in the southern parts of the Caspian Sea in the second half of every year. Despite the global prevalence of environmental crime, there is still a dearth of large-scale, empirical analyses of environmental crime in the Middle East. This study compared two well-established criminological frameworks rooted in social learning (neutralization theory and differential association theory) to compare four environmental crimes in Iran: illegal bird hunting, fishing without a license, water pollution, and soil pollution. We surveyed male villagers (N = 400) in the county of Fereydunkenar, which is located in the Mazandaran Province of Iran and hosts millions of migratory birds every year. Variables from neutralization theory (condemnation of the condemners, denial of victim and injury, and appeal to higher loyalty) and differential association theory (frequency of differential association with family and friends, and intensity of differential association) were measured. Approximately 75% of respondents had engaged in illegal bird hunting and nearly 53% of respondents had engaged in fishing without a license. However, water and soil pollution behaviors among the respondents were at low levels. The independent variables explained ∼53, 20, and 18% of the variance in the variables of water/soil pollution, illegal bird hunting, and illegal fishing, respectively. The frequency of differential association with family and intensity of differential association had the largest influences on illegal bird hunting and illegal fishing. The intensity of differential association, appeal to higher loyalty, and condemnation of the condemners had significant positive effects on water and soil pollution behaviors. Based on our models, we concluded that, compared to neutralization variables, differential association variables had greater effects on numerous environmental crimes in Iran.

The Maldives suffers environmental crimes, such as illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, illegal discharge and dumping of waste and chemicals, illicit trafficking of wild flora and fauna, and prohibited air pollution, as well as coral and sand mining. This article provides a desk-based, legal analysis of environmental crime in the Maldives. As the first study focusing on this topic in the Maldives, this article highlights the challenges facing this state, explores the existing legal landscape, and provides a framework of recommendations to enhance the law to detect, monitor, and punish environmental crimes.

Consideration of the complex security issue in modern conditions requires the inclusion of various aspects, among which a very current environmental aspect is unavoidable. The security consideration based on it, results in a special form of environmental security, as an unavoidable part of the overall security. Thereby two analytical security levels stand out: national and international. The analysis of environmental security includes a very important issue of tort in the domain of environment and appropriate forms of crime, which require special attention. Environmental crime begins from the environmental law, and is related to the normative approach in defining, monitoring and opposing various forms and degrees of commiting a tort. A complex analysis of environmental security and environmental crime indicates a causal relationship and the necessary activity to reduce environmental crime in order to increase environmental security and overall security. The considered connection indicates the need to increase the analytical attention to the reduction of environmental crime through the increase of human and organizational capacities, in the domain of general, and especially environmental security.

Every teenager should ideally be able to grow and develop well according to their age and as the next generation of the nation, but in reality there are teenagers who commit crimes, one of which is online gambling. Online gambling crimes among teenagers have an impact on other crimes, such as theft, so they must be dealt with optimally. The problem of this research is regarding the criminological analysis of online gambling crimes among teenagers in North Lampung and how the efforts made by the North Lampung Police in dealing with online gambling crimes among teenagers. This research uses a normative and empirical legal approach. The data collection procedure is carried out by means of literature studies and field studies. which are then analyzed qualitatively to obtain conclusions. The results of the research and discussion show that the criminological analysis of online gambling crimes among teenagers in North Lampung in accordance with the Differential Association Theory shows that the cause of teenagers committing online gambling crimes is the interaction, relationship, and communication between teenagers who have never gambled online with other teenagers who have gambled online. In accordance with the Strain Theory, the cause of teenagers committing online gambling crimes is the demands of daily needs. According to Social Control Theory, the cause of teenagers committing online gambling crimes is the lack of supervision from various related parties such as family, schools/educational institutions and law enforcement officers. Efforts to overcome online gambling crimes in teenagers through non-penal means are carried out by socializing child protection and cooperating/coordinating with schools. Penal means are carried out through the process of investigating children who commit online gambling crimes by child investigators based on the Juvenile Justice System Law.

Economic crimes are among those offenses that, even in their simplest forms, challenge economic systems and, in the long run, hinder effective governance. Perpetrators of such crimes often possess distinctive characteristics such as exceptional intelligence, ingenuity, and astuteness. These traits, combined with the inherent complexities of economic crimes—such as their sophisticated nature, the lack of immediate tangible consequences, and the absence of a clearly identifiable victim—have rendered them a significant international concern. Given their characteristics, offenders may present various justifications during the commission of the crime, in their defense, or even post-trial. This study examines the criminological aspects of economic crimes through the lens of the Neutralization Techniques Theory, introduced by David Matza and Gresham Sykes in the 1960s. According to this theory, offenders acknowledge engaging in criminal and deviant behavior; however, they employ various justifications to rationalize their actions. These techniques include denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties—collectively known as neutralization techniques. While these techniques are not exhaustive, they can be expanded upon based on their fundamental principles. Furthermore, considering the characteristics of both offenders and economic crimes, it appears that these techniques can extend to the outright denial of the crime itself. Nevertheless, applying this theory to the analysis of economic crimes presents certain challenges, including difficulties in determining the exact timing of neutralization strategies, the neglect of external contributing factors, and a lack of comprehensive applicability. Using a descriptive-analytical approach and library-based data collection, this study aims to explore these aspects in greater depth.