Abstract
Climate change mitigation policy has a strong influence on policy processes in worldwide. Indonesia as a developing country has committed to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 29 percent by the year 2030. This calls into question the extent of how the cities or local governments can cope with the challenges of the current transport sector climate change mitigation in Bandung City. This paper aims to assess the governance context of climate policies in Bandung City and support further co-benefits. The preliminary stage of study shows that the policies in reducing GHG emissions are not in accordance with what was written by the government. The provincial and local government was aware that the stipulation delivered by the central government regarding mitigation on climate change stated in the regulation both in provincial and local level. Based on the actor’s characteristic, the policies that encourage to reduce GHG emissions drive as a multi-actor interaction process namely The Paratransit, Trans Metro Bandung (TMB) and Vehicle Emissions Test. The research design involved an empirical case study on governance and policy relevant to climate change efforts to lower GHG in Bandung City, Indonesia. The analytical framework used for this analysis is the Governance Assessment Tool and the co-benefits approach. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews, a review of policy documents, and secondary quantitative data. The results reveal that the governance qualities create a context that there still are some limits, although several improvements have shown the positive trend at the local level. This is due to the qualities of the extent aspect as a low to moderate, the flexibility as a restrictive, and the coherence and intensity as moderate. The assessment of the criteria of co-benefits is more relevant to the public transport. The TMB has met all of the criteria of co-benefits. Thus, this TMB program has the highest impact to attain the co-benefits. The paratransit has the positive value of the criteria for lowering GHG emissions, energy and environmental sustainability, and development goals. The vehicle emission test met the criteria of sustainability and technical feasibility.
Highlights
Global climate change, environmental degradation, poverty, lack of availability of water and food due population density pressures are the factors that magnify disasters that should be avoided, mitigated and thoroughly managed, in developing countries [1]–[3]
This calls into question the extent of how the cities or local governments can cope with the challenges of the current transport sector climate change mitigation in Bandung City
The preliminary stage of study shows that the policies in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are not in accordance with what was written by the government
Summary
Environmental degradation, poverty, lack of availability of water and food due population density pressures are the factors that magnify disasters that should be avoided, mitigated and thoroughly managed, in developing countries [1]–[3]. Most of the climate models predict Greenhouse Gasses emissions (GHGs) to rise twofold from pre-industrial with an average temperature increase between 2 and 5°C by the year 2030 and 2060 respectively [4]. Some of the evidence based on climate change parameters in Bandung City from temperature data collected (1960 - 2010) shows a consistent increase with rising trends [6] and other various conditions exist in most part of Indonesia. Considering the impact and risks resulting from climate change, efforts are needed to reduce and manage climate change: mitigation and adaptation [8], [9]. With the continuous growth of GHG emissions - when the mitigation effort is not implemented - the risk and impact of climate change impacts occurring will be more severe. The climate change mitigation scheme (IPCC) has a slight effect on climate conditions in the decade, but the successful mitigation effort might be able to avoid major climate change from happening in the future [10]
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