A Glimpse at the Study of English Neologism

Reviewed by: Yearbook of morphology 1999 ed. by Geert Booij, Jaap van Marle Edward J. Vajda Yearbook of morphology 1999. Ed. by Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2001. Pp. 319. ISBN 079236631X. $157.50 (Hb). This Yearbook volume contains eleven articles, five on diachronic aspects of morphology, the rest dealing with miscellaneous topics. The data derives mainly from Romance, Germanic, and Slavic languages. Martin Haspelmath is guest editor for the section on diachronic morphology. The articles here focus mainly on the motivation behind morphological change, or on the notion of which formal elements in a word (stem vs. affix, phonological stem trait vs. inflection) actually convey semantic content. Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy’s ‘Umlaut as signans and signatum: Synchronic and diachronic aspects’ (1–23) explores an instance where a phonological trait has come to express informational content. In ‘What sort of thing is a derivational affix? Diachronic evidence from Romanian and Spanish’ (25–52), Martin Maiden makes a similar argument for the function of derivational affixes, which, contrary to some claims (cf. Robert Beard, Lexeme morpheme base morphology, New York: SUNY Press, 1995), are shown not to be semantically vacuous. In ‘The development of “junk”: Irregularization strategies of have and say in the Germanic languages’ (53–74), Damaris NÜbling analyzes how these originally weak verbs became irregular across the various Germanic languages. Elisabetta Magni’s ‘Paradigm organization and lexical connections in the development of the Italian passato remoto’ (75–96) explores cognitive motivations for the development of irregular preterite forms. Elke Ronneberger-Sibold’s ‘On useful darkness: Loss and destruction of transparency by linguistic change, borrowing, and word creation’ (97–120) likewise deals with speaker awareness of phonological processes—a factor that manifests itself in speaker preference for specific types of word formation. The volume’s remaining six articles cover a range of topics, most dealing with cognitive processing. Marco Baroni’s ‘The representation of prefixed forms in the Italian lexicon’ (121–52) uses the distribution of intervocalic [s] and [z] allophones in Northern Italian dialects as evidence for whether speakers have come to regard certain historically prefixed stems as monomorphemic. In ‘On inherent inflection feeding derivation in Polish’ (153–83), Bożena Cetnarowska argues that in certain Polish word forms derivation must be able to follow as well as precede inflection. This raises interesting questions about the notion of lexical stem. In ‘The processing of interfixed German compounds’ (184–220), Wolfgang U. Dressler, Gary Libben, Jacqueline Stark, Christiane Pons, and Gonia Jarema explore the cognitive processing of compound words such as leben-s-lang ‘life-long’. Andrew Hippisley’s ‘Word formation rules in a default inheritance framework: A network morphology account of Russian personal nouns’ (221–61) provides an excellent encapsulation of network morphology, as well as a convincing account of how affix rivalry and exceptionality can be simultaneously accommodated in a theory of word form creation. Steven G. LaPointe’s ‘Stem selection and OT’ (263–97) gives an optimality theory account of stem and affix allomorphy, based on data from a variety of languages, including Korean and Cherokee. The book’s final article, Irit Meir’s ‘Verb classifiers as noun incorporation in Israeli sign language’ (299–319), argues that certain hand gestures bear striking similarities to the properties of certain types of noun incorporation. This excellent study is a welcome inclusion here for the new dimension it adds to understanding the essence of morphological structure shorn of the epiphenomenon of sound. All of these articles reflect the ‘cutting edge’ of morphological research, making this volume, like its predecessors in the same series, an important acquisition for any linguist or librarian serious about keeping pace with morphological theory. Edward J. Vajda Western Washington University Copyright © 2005 Linguistic Society of America

Word Formation in Electronic Dictionaries Pius ten Hacken In this article I will discuss various aspects of the relationship of word formation to dictionaries. Although the focus here is on electronic dictionaries, the discussion will also touch on certain types of dictionaries for human use, especially learner's dictionaries. I propose that an approach diverging significantly from the traditional treatment of word formation in dictionaries has decisive advantages for the development and use of electronic dictionaries, and that some of these advantages carry over to the treatment of word formation in learner's dictionaries . In section 1 the problem is explained. Section 2 is devoted to a review of some approaches that are modeled on the traditional division of labor between dictionaries and grammars. In section 3 the approach incorporated in Word Manager is presented, which has a number of advantages compared to the approaches discussed in section 2. Section 4 outlines a way of using these advantages in learner's dictionaries . Section 5 summarizes the conclusions. 1. Introduction One of the most common ways for the vocabulary of a language to be extended is by the creation of new words by word-formation rules. Word formation is traditionally divided into derivation, e.g., forming regularize from regular, and compounding, e.g., forming bookshop from book and shop. Word formation as a whole, considered as a component of interacting rules, is very productive. A rule such as the one adding -ness to adjectives can apply to almost any adjective, and the adjective itself may be the result of another word-formation rule, e.g., adding -ful or -less to a noun (fruitful ) . The meaning of such words is largely predictable on the basis of their components, but various de- Word Formation ¡? Electronic Dictionaries1 59 grees of irregularity may arise once the new word exists. Thus, textbook and modifier have specialized senses that are more specific than can be predicted on the basis of the rules and the words to which they apply. 1.1. Electronic and other dictionaries In dictionaries for human users, word formation is usually not seen as a major issue. There is an almost general consensus that can be summarized as follows: it is impossible to achieve completeness because of the productivity of word formation and at the same time unnecessary to aim for it because of the regularity of the new words. Of course irregular cases should be treated, but there is no need to treat a compound like textbook as being any different from simple words such as textile. As far as the relationship of text and book is relevant, it is reasonable to expect that any user will immediately recognize this relationship . Regular cases such as yellowness are typically given as run-on entries without definition, considering space limitations. This treatment is legitimized by the assumption that human users of the dictionary know the word-formation rules of their language and can apply them even without being consciously aware of them. Electronic dictionaries are different from dictionaries for human users primarily because they are intended for use by computers in systems developed in computational linguistics (CL). Examples of CL systems are grammar checkers, machine translation systems, and dialog systems giving access to information encoded in a database. In general, CL systems are programs that make the computer perform certain tasks dependent on human language. The properties of computers differ greatly from those of human dictionary users and in order to fulfill the users' needs, electronic dictionaries should be set up quite differently from dictionaries for human users. The basic differences are that electronic dictionaries are more explicit and more specialized. Explicitness is required because only information expressed in a formalism the computer can read is accessible to the CL system. Specialization is required not only for areas we find in human dictionaries, e.g., language and subject area, but also for the task of the CL system, the theory used in the approach to this task, and the formalism with its exact interpretation. As a consequence of these differences, two important issues in the production of electronic dictionaries are reusability and consistency . Specialization results in an increasing number of different die- 160Pius ten Hacken...

The neologization with the popularity of the Internet occurs actively in the contemporary Russian language. Not only mass media but also common people, Internet users contribute significantly. New words from the media discourse get into word creating rates of Internet project “Word of the Year”. On the one hand, ranked lists are the indicators of social changes, on the other hand, they reflect linguocreative potential of people, who participate in lists formation. Creative speech activity relates to language game. One of the main rules of such a game is the understanding of conditions of a certain speech (game) code both by a creator of a word and by an interlocutor. Conducted analysis shows that authors mostly use the model of compressive word creation and it proves high creative potential, freedom of speech behavior and linguistic sense of native speakers, who strive to the self-expression with word creation. New formations created by methods of paronymic attraction and blend words save semantic links with original words. So they have semantic of motivating words in their meaning and have advantage over descriptive constructions. Thus, methods of word creation, which allow describing social and political events of a country or a personal life with a new bright word with evaluative element in it, are popular in the contemporary word creative activity.

When comparing social science phenomena through a time perspective, absolute and relative difference (RD) are the two typical presentation formats used to communicate interpretations to the audience, while time distance (TD) is the least frequently used of such formats. This article argues that the chosen presentation format is extremely important because the various formats suggest different substantive interpretations. To elaborate upon this issue, researchers from the National Statistical Office, National Health Institute, and general academia were invited to participate in an experiment with alternative presentation formats that describe changes in certain social science phenomena over time. The results revealed a prevailing tendency of respondents to rely on interpretations related to absolute differences, which was additionally reinforced with graphical presentation formats. Therefore, whenever RD or TD is more proper for substantive interpretations, the corresponding presentation format must be designed with special attention.

The search for relations, dependencies, and influences between marital status and mental phenomena outlines an accurate and clear picture not only of the family status as a social phenomenon but also as a mental field, where our awareness as individuals is directly or indirectly linked. In this sense, the differences among women with different marital context and the optimistic and pessimistic attitudes as well as the expectations regarding the past, present, and future that were investigated in this research. Four different marital status groups were identified and are shown the differences in time perspective and optimistic-pessimistic attitudes between them. The survey was conducted with 140 women aged between 32 and 67 years M=41.09 SD=6.58. The research methods are Method of evaluation of optimism and negative expectations, published by Velichkov and Radoslavova (2005) and Time perspective Questionnaire by Philip Zimbardo, adapted by Slavchov and Virmozelova (2008). The results verify the supposition that there are statistically significant (p<.05) differences between the four groups of women with different marital status, with regard to their attitudes to optimism and pessimism as well as to their time perspective. The group of married women shows the highest result in Past-positive time perspective and Future time perspective, in comparison with the divorced that have the lowest scores on the same factors Past-positive time perspective and Future time perspective. At the same time, the divorced women experience the highest level of optimism compared to the other groups. Keywords: time perspective, optimism - pessimism, marital status.

One of the most substantial interdisciplinary topics in the study of contemporary culture is change in social time, which is expressed in the compression of time (and space) and changing relationships between the past, present, and future. Research and analysis situate the present in an exceptional position in contemporary culture, providing us with the term ‘culture of the present.’ At the same time, however, we are dealing with a phenomenon labeled the ‘explosion of memory’—an astounding multidirectional and multifaceted rise in interest in the past. It is therefore worthwhile to investigate the structures and mechanisms of collective memory, as well as how the past is defined in contemporary culture, from the perspective of time as a social and cultural phenomenon. Questions should be asked regarding the mechanisms that unite the dominance of the present in culture with a rising interest in the past. The perspective of social time reveals that the ‘culture of the present,’ the current dominating forms of memory intensification, and the heightened awareness of the past, are influenced by the same or similar factors. These include new media and communication technologies, as well as consumption and popular culture, which change the structure of time, condense the time horizon, alter the manner in which the past is experienced, and modify the mechanisms of collective memory.

In the age of information technologies and expansion of data flows, a notable increase in the speed of subjectively perceived time is evident. It is obvious that entrepreneurs, as a group that is most sensitive to social changes, can experience these changes in a special way. The present research aims to identify whether there are peculiarities of entrepreneurs' time perspective and what these peculiarities are. Using the Zimbardo time perspective inventory, indicators of entrepreneurs' and employees' time perspective were measured (N = 399). Contrary to the expectations, entrepreneurs are not significantly future-oriented, while also being less 'fixated' on negative things from the past and reflecting on previous mistakes. They are more confident in their abilities than hired employees; they tend to rely on themselves rather than on external circumstances or people, reference groups, the state, etc. Understanding the differences in time perspective of entrepreneurs vs. hired employees (civil servants, school teachers, and IT specialists) broadens the concept of personal resources and psychological mechanisms of entrepreneurial behaviour.

In the age of information technologies and expansion of data flows, a notable increase in the speed of subjectively perceived time is evident. It is obvious that entrepreneurs, as a group that is most sensitive to social changes, can experience these changes in a special way. The present research aims to identify whether there are peculiarities of entrepreneurs' time perspective and what these peculiarities are. Using the Zimbardo time perspective inventory, indicators of entrepreneurs' and employees' time perspective were measured (N = 399). Contrary to the expectations, entrepreneurs are not significantly future-oriented, while also being less 'fixated' on negative things from the past and reflecting on previous mistakes. They are more confident in their abilities than hired employees; they tend to rely on themselves rather than on external circumstances or people, reference groups, the state, etc. Understanding the differences in time perspective of entrepreneurs vs. hired employees (civil servants, school teachers, and IT specialists) broadens the concept of personal resources and psychological mechanisms of entrepreneurial behaviour.

The article attempts to study the problem of drug addiction in the context of combating drug addiction among minors, as a negative social phenomenon in society. In particular, it is studied that drug addiction, in particular, among minors, is a problem of many years ago, since narcotic drugs were used by mankind for medical, religious, cultural and other purposes. At the same time, with the development of society, with the expansion of the achievements of science and, in particular, medicine, today the problem of drug addiction has arisen, in particular, among minors. Therefore, drug addiction is not only a medical problem today. Narcotics has become a complex social and negative phenomenon, which has extremely serious consequences for society as a whole, since it covers various spheres of life: cultural, economic, legal, family, psychological, etc. Therefore, there is an urgent need, on the one hand, to establish strict, primarily state control, enshrined at the legislative level, over the circulation of narcotic drugs and precursors and, on the other hand, to develop and implement a number of preventive measures against drug addiction among citizens and, in particular, among minors. It is noted that the international community recognized drug control as a global problem more than a hundred years ago. In particular, this was noted at the first international conference on this issue, which took place in 1909 in Shanghai. Since then, the international system of control over the circulation of narcotic drugs and precursors has developed gradually, in particular, starting in 1912, when the International Opium Convention was adopted. In 1961, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs was adopted, in 1971 – the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, in 1988 – the UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. It is confirmed that Ukraine, as a European state, has joined and ratified the above-mentioned conventions. Moreover, during the period of independence, anti-narcotics legislation was adopted, in particular, criminal liability for illegal handling of narcotic drugs and precursors was introduced, and a comprehensive countermeasure against drug addiction, in particular among minors, was launched. It is stated that drug addiction as a social phenomenon, in particular, drug addiction among minors, is a huge threat to the development of society and the stability of the state, therefore, combating this scourge is a priority task of every state. Therefore, the prevention and control of drug addiction in our country requires radical changes: from strict regulation of the circulation of narcotic drugs and precursors at the legislative level to a significant improvement in preventive law enforcement activities at all levels. The ways to solve this problem lie in joining the efforts of state authorities, public organizations and society as a whole. This will certainly give a positive result in the form of a decrease in the level of drug addiction among minors as an important socially negative phenomenon. Keywords: drug addiction, narkotism, drug addiction of minors, narcotic drugs, precursors, psychotropic substances, counteraction and prevention of drug addiction.

Social phenomena and contextual issues in education and theology will discuss various contemporary social phenomena that influence the education and theology system, giving rise to contextual issues that arise in current educational and theological practices, the impact of social phenomena and contextual issues in education and theology on the development of society and religion. As well as things that can respond effectively to existing social challenges and contextual issues. In compiling this article, the author used descriptive qualitative methods. The descriptive qualitative method is a research method that creates systematic, factual and accurate descriptions (words) and images regarding the facts being investigated. The author looks for supporting facts through previous research from journals or books in accordance with the problems raised based on the findings. findings, facts and literature that support finding solutions to existing problems. This concerns cultural and religious diversity, issues of morality in the digital era. And not only that, the impact of social phenomena and contextual issues will be discussed, including the contextual meaning and purpose of education and theology, the context that shapes educational and theological theories, how do we do education and theology in a context like this? That is, being a witness to society , building dialogue between religious communities, creating harmony. The social phenomena and contextual issues in education and theology are such that the challenges in these two fields are often interrelated. Education must be responsive to social change and consider contextual issues, while theology also needs to understand social dynamics to provide views that are relevant in the context of life. The synergy between education and theology can help shape a more inclusive society and a deeper understanding of human values.

Drug addiction is examined as a negative social phenomenon and the problems of counteracting drug addiction. It has been determined that people have been using drugs since ancient times; however, they were used for medical, religious, cultural, and recreational purposes. This phenomenon has changed with the development of society, science, and medicine, and today it has become a significant issue of drug dependency. Today, drug addiction is not only a medical problem but also a complex social phenomenon that has profound consequences for society and encompasses various areas of life: cultural, economic, legal, familial, and psychological. Considering all these factors, there arose a necessity for control over the spread of drugs, and primarily, this involved the adoption of laws that would restrict their use. At the beginning of the 20th century, the international community recognized drug control as a global problem. This was highlighted at the first international conference on this issue, which took place in 1909 in Shanghai. The international control system developed gradually, starting in 1912 with the adoption of the International Opium Convention. In 1961, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs was adopted, followed by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 1971, and in 1988, the UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances was adopted. It has been noted that considering the danger of the spread of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, and their negative health consequences, Ukraine ratified the aforementioned conventions and adopted anti-drug legislation in 1995, which also introduced criminal liability for illegal handling of narcotic drugs and precursors. Additionally, Ukraine initiated the organization of comprehensive counteraction to drug addiction and drug trafficking. Measures aimed at counteracting drug addiction have been reviewed. It is concluded that drug addiction, as a social phenomenon, poses a serious threat to the stability and development of society, and therefore counteracting this evil is a primary task for every state. Counteraction to drug addiction and drug trafficking in Ukraine includes a wide range of measures from legislative regulation to the implementation and improvement of law enforcement activities and prevention, thus requiring attention at all levels from individual to state. The resolution of this issue is only possible through the unification of efforts by the authorities, public organizations, and society. Despite significant successes, the fight against drugs remains a complex task that requires constant refinement of approaches and international cooperation. Keywords: drug addiction, narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, counteraction, drug control.

The paper focuses on the potential of comparative sociology of law as an instrument for analysing the effective operation of law in society. This approach links normative and empirical approaches to legal research. Applying advanced sociological theory of law, the paper analyses how social and legal change affect development generally, and focuses the analysis on a comparative sample of countries along a geographical route linking Asia with Europe and vice versa, vaguely reminiscent of the historical Silk Roads on land and by sea.Sociological theory suggests analysing social and legal change from the perspective of the dynamics of the functional systems of world society rather than from a normative legal perspective which has individual territorial states and their national state law as a point of reference. The functional systems of world society, such as families (the family system), economics (the economic system), politics (the political system), civil society and law (the legal system) can be seen as both exerting stress on each other and adjusting to this stress by a structural change in local populations with sufficient structural adaptability towards a higher differentiation of all social structures.The rule of law emerges as a special pattern of this structural differentiation which compounds the structural adaptability of above all in the legal system and the political system world-wide. In turn, the rule of law is a condition for increasing the adaptive flexibility of social structures in local populations. The rule of law is, therefore, a crucial element in the on-going development of society. This pattern is not historically given once and for all. nor is it linked to particular forms of government and political systems. Understood in this way, the rule of law is not a normative political or constitutional wish-list but a social phenomenon which can provide comparative sociology of law with a useful set of indicators for describing the development of society and its law.

Science is the basis of civilization. Scientific research has always been and will be the driving force behind the development of society. In turn, the unpredictable curves of the world development tractor, the staggering variability of its system-forming elements, the unprecedented complex complexity create new challenges for scientists, such as: the invasion of artificial intelligence in management and economic processes, the formation of new social and psychological phenomena. , the emergence of hybrid threats to security and human development, etc. All this accelerates the evolutionary processes of development of society, causes its fracture, contributes to the modeling of subsequent "versions" of development, and thus creates new requirements for a new generation of scientists. Thus, the fundamental difference to overcome such challenges at present is the conduct of cross-disciplinary and multi-aspect research. This approach is chosen in the monograph "Development of society: social, economic and psychological aspects." The monograph focuses on the "soft" factors of society for many reasons, the most important of which is the significant vulnerability of social, psychological and economic aspects. In addition, the losses suffered by the development of society due to the weakness of these aspects are heterogeneous, bifurcation and difficult to cure. Thus, the key provisions of the monograph are focused on the formulation of new scientific hypotheses, the development of methods and tools for preventing and counteracting threats to the development of society and overcoming their consequences in the new reality. The first section of the monograph "Social and economic aspects of society" describes the criteria and indicators of the development strategy of the financial sector of Ukraine, reveals the specifics of financial support of tourism enterprises, analyzes the current state of banking services in Ukraine in the optimization of the banking system. Ukraine, identified trends and principles of the fourth industrial revolution and their projection on the formation of investment and innovation support of industrial development, studied employment in Ukraine: innovation, flexibility, security and assessed the behavioral competencies of project managers in modernizing socio-economic development of society. problems of leasing development in Ukraine, complex diagnostics of financial sector development: state, financial inclusion, vision and strategy of actions, global system effects are determined and mechanisms to counter economic shocks. The second section "Psychological aspects of society development" describes the professional tolerance of leaders as a factor in the development of educational organizations, explores the syndrome of emotional burnout in teachers: diagnosis and ways to overcome, reveals the professional success of teachers as a factor in improving higher education, formed corporate culture forms of ownership: active methods of staff training. The content of the third section "Humanitarian aspects of society development" is devoted to risk-oriented competencies of specialists of non-state security structures, formed a mechanism of state management of higher education institutions with financial control tools, proposed measures to optimize information and analytical support of economic security of higher education institutions. education. In the final, fourth chapter of the publication "Security aspects of business development" the levels of economic security of Ukraine in the conditions of world innovative development are analyzed, features of functioning of system of economic security of enterprises of construction branch are characterized, technologies of private detective activity as a tool of innovative development of economic security systems are investigated. unfair behavior of external stakeholders of the enterprise, considered security management counteraction to unfair behavior of external stakeholders of the enterprise, identified and systematized information and analytical support to counteract the raider takeover of joint stock companies, evaluated the effectiveness of personnel management system of the enterprise. The monograph was prepared in accordance with the research plan of the University "KROK" and aims to implement the topics: "Innovative mechanisms of integrated economic security in a crisis" (state registration number 0120U101880), "National economy and economies of sectoral markets in conditions of institutional uncertainty" ( state registration number 0120U100086), "Psychological problems of professional training and self-realization of specialists in various fields of practice" (state registration number 0116U007507), "Ensuring the protection of economic security of the state and economic entities in the context of European integration of Ukraine" (state registration number 0114U006338), performed within the thematic plan of basic research. The authors are sincerely grateful to all those who joined the review and discussion of the monograph, for the critical remarks and advice, the consideration of which allowed to significantly improve the quality of scientific work and crystallize the practical value.

Science is the basis of civilization. Scientific research has always been and will be the driving force behind the development of society. In turn, the unpredictable curves of the world development tractor, the staggering variability of its system-forming elements, the unprecedented complex complexity create new challenges for scientists, such as: the invasion of artificial intelligence in management and economic processes, the formation of new social and psychological phenomena. , the emergence of hybrid threats to security and human development, etc. All this accelerates the evolutionary processes of development of society, causes its fracture, contributes to the modeling of subsequent "versions" of development, and thus creates new requirements for a new generation of scientists. Thus, the fundamental difference to overcome such challenges at present is the conduct of cross-disciplinary and multi-aspect research. This approach is chosen in the monograph "Development of society: social, economic and psychological aspects." The monograph focuses on the "soft" factors of society for many reasons, the most important of which is the significant vulnerability of social, psychological and economic aspects. In addition, the losses suffered by the development of society due to the weakness of these aspects are heterogeneous, bifurcation and difficult to cure. Thus, the key provisions of the monograph are focused on the formulation of new scientific hypotheses, the development of methods and tools for preventing and counteracting threats to the development of society and overcoming their consequences in the new reality. The first section of the monograph "Social and economic aspects of society" describes the criteria and indicators of the development strategy of the financial sector of Ukraine, reveals the specifics of financial support of tourism enterprises, analyzes the current state of banking services in Ukraine in the optimization of the banking system. Ukraine, identified trends and principles of the fourth industrial revolution and their projection on the formation of investment and innovation support of industrial development, studied employment in Ukraine: innovation, flexibility, security and assessed the behavioral competencies of project managers in modernizing socio-economic development of society. problems of leasing development in Ukraine, complex diagnostics of financial sector development: state, financial inclusion, vision and strategy of actions, global system effects are determined and mechanisms to counter economic shocks. The second section "Psychological aspects of society development" describes the professional tolerance of leaders as a factor in the development of educational organizations, explores the syndrome of emotional burnout in teachers: diagnosis and ways to overcome, reveals the professional success of teachers as a factor in improving higher education, formed corporate culture forms of ownership: active methods of staff training. The content of the third section "Humanitarian aspects of society development" is devoted to risk-oriented competencies of specialists of non-state security structures, formed a mechanism of state management of higher education institutions with financial control tools, proposed measures to optimize information and analytical support of economic security of higher education institutions. education. In the final, fourth chapter of the publication "Security aspects of business development" the levels of economic security of Ukraine in the conditions of world innovative development are analyzed, features of functioning of system of economic security of enterprises of construction branch are characterized, technologies of private detective activity as a tool of innovative development of economic security systems are investigated. unfair behavior of external stakeholders of the enterprise, considered security management counteraction to unfair behavior of external stakeholders of the enterprise, identified and systematized information and analytical support to counteract the raider takeover of joint stock companies, evaluated the effectiveness of personnel management system of the enterprise. The monograph was prepared in accordance with the research plan of the University "KROK" and aims to implement the topics: "Innovative mechanisms of integrated economic security in a crisis" (state registration number 0120U101880), "National economy and economies of sectoral markets in conditions of institutional uncertainty" ( state registration number 0120U100086), "Psychological problems of professional training and self-realization of specialists in various fields of practice" (state registration number 0116U007507), "Ensuring the protection of economic security of the state and economic entities in the context of European integration of Ukraine" (state registration number 0114U006338), performed within the thematic plan of basic research. The authors are sincerely grateful to all those who joined the review and discussion of the monograph, for the critical remarks and advice, the consideration of which allowed to significantly improve the quality of scientific work and crystallize the practical value.

This article examines productive ways of forming occasional vocabulary in Georgian based on journalistic writing and fiction. It identifies the key methods of new word creation: direct compounding, composite constructions, affixes, and metaphorization. Analyzing texts by contemporary Georgian authors and journalistic materials, this study finds that nouns transformed into verbs with affixes, calques, and semantic changes. It has been revealed that occasional neologization reflects the need to create specific concepts for the context of Georgian culture. Puns and metonymic transfers significantly contribute to new lexical units. The study's practical value lies in organizing occasionalism models for further linguistic analysis.