A Geographical Analysis of the Social and Economic Well-Being of Female Children in Rajasthan

Career opportunities in global health: A snapshot of the current employment landscape

BackgroundEmerging artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have diverse applications in medicine. As AI tools advance towards clinical implementation, skills in how to use and interpret AI in a healthcare setting could become integral for physicians. This study examines undergraduate medical students’ perceptions of AI, educational opportunities about of AI in medicine, and the desired medium for AI curriculum delivery.MethodsA 32 question survey for undergraduate medical students was distributed from May–October 2021 to students to all 17 Canadian medical schools. The survey assessed the currently available learning opportunities about AI, the perceived need for learning opportunities about AI, and barriers to educating about AI in medicine. Interviews were conducted with participants to provide narrative context to survey responses. Likert scale survey questions were scored from 1 (disagree) to 5 (agree). Interview transcripts were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis.ResultsWe received 486 responses from 17 of 17 medical schools (roughly 5% of Canadian undergraduate medical students). The mean age of respondents was 25.34, with 45% being in their first year of medical school, 27% in their 2nd year, 15% in their 3rd year, and 10% in their 4th year. Respondents agreed that AI applications in medicine would become common in the future (94% agree) and would improve medicine (84% agree Further, respondents agreed that they would need to use and understand AI during their medical careers (73% agree; 68% agree), and that AI should be formally taught in medical education (67% agree). In contrast, a significant number of participants indicated that they did not have any formal educational opportunities about AI (85% disagree) and that AI-related learning opportunities were inadequate (74% disagree). Interviews with 18 students were conducted. Emerging themes from the interviews were a lack of formal education opportunities and non-AI content taking priority in the curriculum.ConclusionA lack of educational opportunities about AI in medicine were identified across Canada in the participating students. As AI tools are currently progressing towards clinical implementation and there is currently a lack of educational opportunities about AI in medicine, AI should be considered for inclusion in formal medical curriculum.

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 Background: Social care in the United Kingdom has been transformed in recent years, driven by the implementation of the personalisation agenda alongside significant budget cuts, which have resulted in restricted eligibility for social care services. The personalisation agenda aims to eradicate a ‘one size fits all’ service, by providing individuals with the opportunity to contribute to the identification of their needs and the opportunity to choose and manage their own care through a personal budget. Previous studies evaluating the effectiveness of the personalisation model in the UK have reported that individuals who are more able, and who have stronger support networks, benefit most from personalised social care [1]; however, this same group is considered most at risk of becoming ineligible for statutory service provision due to restricted eligibility criteria. Reduction of budgets at a local authority level has also been associated with services only being provided to those individuals classified as having critical or substantial needs [2]. The current study aimed to explore the daily living experiences of a group of adults with mild to moderate learning disabilities (LD), who were either not accessing statutory social care services, or who were considered at risk of becoming ineligible for continued statutory support. The study was undertaken following a request from a voluntary sector forum, whose members were concerned about the impact of changes in the social care system on the lives of people with mild and moderate LD. 1.2 Method: • Seven focus groups were conducted, including 26 people with LD and 15 support workers, who were recruited via third-sector organisations. Participants were aged between 23 and 60. • A semi-structured question schedule was implemented, through which people were asked about their experiences in relation to managing their home, involvement in their local community, and access to healthcare, support services, education, employment and leisure activities. • The focus groups were video-recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. 1.3 Findings: Themes identified in the focus group discussions are summarised below. Independence and control • People often wanted to live independently, but many found managing the transition into supported or independent living challenging. • Conflicts between the wishes of people with LD and their family carers can result in individuals becoming less of a priority for supported living allocation. • People valued employment and wanted paid work, but were concerned about the impact of this on their benefits. • People had difficulty in managing personal assistants (PAs) and reported having to fit in with PAs’ timetables. The role of employer was identified as stressful, with a lack of training and support provided. • The limited range of employment, social activities and educational opportunities available for people with LD is a barrier to independence. • Stereotyping of people with LD negatively influences employment and education opportunities. • Bullying and harassment in the community can impact on social inclusion and independence for people with LD. Social networks and wellbeing • Voluntary sector organisations offered opportunities to socialise within the local community, which were highly valued and improved quality of life. • Social networks have been fragmented following the closure of specialist day services, resulting in social isolation for some people. • Statutory assessment of need places more emphasis on basic living needs than on social relationships. • The high turnover of PAs made forming and maintaining relationships difficult. • A lack of social support limited opportunities for independence. • Mental health can be adversely affected by the breakdown of social networks. 1. 4 Conclusions Participants used the language of personalisation when talking about their aspirations for greater independence. However, they also identified a number of barriers to greater independence, e.g. not having adequate training and support in navigating the benefits system, or ‘managing’ a PA under the personal budget system, the lack of availability of educational, employment, and leisure opportunities and experiences of discrimination and harassment in the community. There were also examples of people who did not aspire to greater independence and who wanted more support but were not able to get this. The personalisation agenda, delivered in the context of an imperative to reduce spending, perhaps is not a good fit for these individuals. Voluntary sector organisations were seen as central to supporting social relationships, yet many of these organisations are also facing funding cuts. Strong social support networks were described as having a clear influence on quality of life and wellbeing. Wellbeing is now the responsibility of local authorities [5, 6] yet statutory assessment was described as not focusing on the development or maintenance of social networks. This study highlights the need to listen to the voices of people with LD. The findings of this report will be shared with organisations that plan, commission and deliver care to people with LD in York.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to describe ways that successful culture‐based Aboriginal preventive family service agencies offer employment and education opportunities for staff. Staff in three inner‐city, culture‐based Aboriginal family agencies were asked about their employment and educational opportunities. Forty‐four individuals were asked the question: ‘what employment and education opportunities have you had while in this job?’ A total of 81 unique responses were received. Participants grouped the responses into eight themes including: planning for services, promotion within the agency, specific skill development, enhanced self‐confidence, cultural awareness, teaching others, workshops as well as certified training. Differences between the experiences of study participants and the existing literature indicate that practices within culture‐based Aboriginal family agencies are distinct in relation to funding, staff mobility, strengths‐base, practical training and cultural knowledge, and that these should be understood and recognized formally in funding decisions and in future research.

e13583 Background: Emerging artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have diverse applications in medicine, with early evidence suggesting that AI tools can accurately perform key tasks in oncology. As AI tools advance towards clinical implementation, skills in how to use and interpret AI in a healthcare setting could become integral for physicians. This study seeks to assess exposure to AI in medical education among trainees interested in pursuing a career in oncology, and the need for AI education in medicine. Methods: A 32 question survey for Canadian undergraduate medical students was distributed to students at all 17 Canadian medical schools. The survey assessed the currently available and perceived need for learning opportunities about AI and barriers to educating about AI in medicine. Interviews were conducted with participants to provide narrative context to survey responses. Likert scale (LS) survey questions were scored from 1 (disagree) to 5 (agree), and analyzed using a two-sided one sample t-test vs a neutral value. Interview transcripts were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. Results are described as mean LS score ± standard deviation. Results: We received 486 responses from 17 of 17 medical schools. Of these respondents, 98 (20.2%) are willing to pursue a residency in an oncology-related field (pathology, radiology, general surgery, internal medicine, radiation oncology). Respondents agreed that AI applications in medicine would become common in the future (3.80±0.38) and would improve medicine (3.71±0.54). Further, respondents agreed that they would need to use and understand AI during their medical careers (3.76±0.572; 3.43±0.773), and that AI should be formally taught in medical education (3.43±0.756). In contrast, a significant number of participants indicated that they did not have any formal educational opportunities about AI (1.76±0.785) and that AI-related learning opportunities were inadequate (2.12±0.802). Interviews with 18 students were conducted. Emerging themes from the interviews were a lack of formal education opportunities and logistical challenges in adding AI to curriculum. Conclusions: A lack of educational opportunities about AI in medicine were identified across Canadian medical students. Given that medical students overwhelmingly believe that AI is important to the future of medicine, and AI tools are currently progressing towards clinical implementation, AI should be considered for inclusion in formal medical curriculum.

On many Native American reservations, lack of energy access reduces economic, health, and educational opportunities. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) reported in 2000 that 14% of households on Native American reservations had no access to electricity, compared to 1.4% nationally. Neither the EIA, nor the U.S. Census Bureau have published reliable updates on the status of the Native American Reservation electricity gap. While several projects led by Native American tribes have narrowed the Native American reservation electricity gap, thousands of households and institutions serving tribal members in the United States remain without electric grid access in 2020. The electric grid’s absence fuels lack of access to infrastructure interconnected with electricity including water, water treatment, telephone, and Internet facilities and services. Enabling electricity access will improve fire safety, water and wastewater access and treatment, telecommunications access, health, educational, economic, and civic opportunity. This article proposes six principles to advance energy justice for Native Americans: Principle 1: Respect Tribal Sovereignty; Principle 2: Energy Access is Foundational to Energy Justice; Principle 3: Foster Tribal Energy Ownership and Clean Energy Opportunities; Principle 4: Support Native American Energy Contracting, Employment, and Entrepreneurial Opportunities; Principle 5: Promote Access to Energy Efficiency and Energy Affordability Programs; Principle 6: Assess and Address the Impact of Climate Change on Native American Reservations, Tribal Lands, and Native American Tribal Members. This article concludes that fostering energy justice for Native Americans will improve prospects for all Americans, advance our economy, protect the environment, and promote equity.

ABSTRACTIntroductionIndonesia's relocation of capital from Jakarta to Nusantara (Ibu Kota Negara [IKN], East Kalimantan) presents economic, educational, health and business opportunities for local communities, as well as their hopes and fears. However, the potential benefits arising from the relocation are contingent upon communities' and government stakeholders' readiness to collaborate with each other. This study aimed to invoke community and stakeholder participation, identify community perspectives on needs, and understand relevant government departments' approaches to avail themselves of opportunities.MethodsA community survey (N = 402) was co‐designed by the research team, local health stakeholders and delivered to participants by local primary care staff. Qualitative interviews were conducted with seven (n = 7) government stakeholders responsible for policy and planning in social welfare, health, environment, and sanitation, and a community organisation. A seminar with government stakeholders detailing the survey's findings included discussions about how to foster benefits for locals.ResultsSurvey results highlighted that local communities held chiefly positive views on the impact of IKN development. These included enhanced transport networks, business and employment opportunities, and access to healthcare and education. Perceived challenges included local communities' relative disadvantage in competing with new, larger businesses; increased urbanisation; and environmental concerns, including dust pollution and flooding. The seven (7) interviews provided insights into the local and provincial government plans and actions with regard to employment and business opportunities, health, and the health care and the environment.

Background Urban environments are posing different challenges and opportunities for health and well-being of urban dwellers. Social, political and commercial determinants of health like quality of housing and retail, opportunities for quality employment and education as well as active transport, safety of the environment as well as opportunities for social interactions and participation are not equally distributed in cities. Measuring specific aspects of the urban environment on a small-area enables 1) identifying critical aspects and their accumulation within cities that may cause health inequalities and 2) monitoring impact of implemented strategies and interventions that intend to reduce them. Methods A transdisciplinary approach was used to develop an integrated small-area indicator set for assessing health determinants (social and physical environment; access to resources; resilience and adaptation to climate change, etc.). A theoretical indicator set based on a systematic review was discussed in several workshops with actors from the city administration in the City of Bremen, Germany, in order to improve its applicability. QGIS software was used for overlay analysis to test the indicator set with the data from the City of Bremen. Results Integrated data-based analyses of urban environment on a small-area show unequal spatial distribution of health resources and risks that are not visible on a larger spatial scale. Consistent temporal and spatial references are an essential prerequisite for the aggregated overlay of data and indicators. Conclusions This integrated small-area indicators set can be used to inform targeted public health and urban planning interventions and to monitor the progress relevant to local decision-making. On a long term, enhancing our understanding of spatial, environmental and social contextual factors in complex urban systems will be helpful in coping with uncertainties, improving well-being and reducing existing urban injustices. Key messages • An integrated approach to urban health monitoring is important to take into consideration cumulative positive and negative impacts of urban environment. • A small-area urban health monitoring contributes to informed decision-making for reducing inequalities and sustaining health and well-being.

Neglected tropical diseases and mental health: a perspective on comorbidity

Essay: Rediscovering The Social Determinants Of Health

Papers from the International Symposium on Fatty Acids -- Opportunities for Health, Education and Investment Tunis, Tunisia, May 18th-19th 2006

Changes in employment opportunities and medical services are exploited by men and women in different ways. This paper examines gender-based variation in the selective use of employment and health opportunities in a Gambian village which has been the subject of medical and nutritional research by the Medical Research Council (MRC) for 43 years. The seasonal workloads of 105 men and women in Keneba were compared during one calendar year. Women carried a heavier burden of agricultural labour, while men had a higher rate of waged employment. The impact of the MRC field station on the local economy was assessed and evidence of associated male dependence on MRC employment found. Illness reporting patterns and the treatment choices of men and women were examined. Women made greater use of the MRC medical service, while men resorted more frequently to local remedies and healers. Female dependence on the MRC medical services is suggested by the data, and may be linked to the greater attention paid to them by researchers and medical practitioners.

This Health Impact Assessment (HIA) informed the decision of expanding public transportation services to rural, low income communities of southern Doña Ana County, New Mexico on the U.S./Mexico border. The HIA focused on impacts of access to health care services, education, and economic development opportunities. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from surveys of community members, key informant interviews, a focus group with community health workers, and passenger surveys during an initial introduction of the transit system. Results from the survey showed that a high percentage of respondents would use the bus system to access the following: (1) 84% for health services; (2) 83% for formal and informal education opportunities; and (3) 81% for economic opportunities. Results from interviews and the focus group supported the benefits of access to services but many were concerned with the high costs of providing bus service in a rural area. We conclude that implementing the bus system would have major impacts on resident’s health through improved access to: (1) health services, and fresh foods, especially for older adults; (2) education opportunities, such as community colleges, universities, and adult learning, especially for young adults; and (3) economic opportunities, especially jobs, job training, and consumer goods and services. We highlight the challenges associated with public transportation in rural areas where there are: (1) long distances to travel; (2) difficulties in scheduling to meet all needs; and (3) poor road and walking conditions for bus stops. The results are applicable to low income and fairly disconnected rural areas, where access to health, education, and economic opportunities are limited.

This chapter addresses Quality of Life (QOL) and gender issues in the North African country of Algeria, through selected objective and subjective indicators. The former encompass opportunities in education, health, employment, and participation in public life; the latter include survey data from 1,968 respondents on Subjective Wellbeing (SWB): (satisfaction with life, life domains, Pleasant Affect (PA), and unpleasant affect (UA)), collected in two regions: Oran, on the Mediterranean coast (Tell), and Adrar deep in the South (Sahara).

The objective of this research was to analyze the violation of the rights of people with Down syndrome in the Tulcán canton, identifying the barriers and challenges they face, and evaluating the effectiveness of existing public policies. A mixed approach was used, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Interviews, focus groups, structured surveys, and document reviews were conducted, with a sample of people with Down syndrome, family members, health and education professionals, and public officials. The data obtained were analyzed through descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis. The results revealed that the most violated rights are equality of opportunities in education, employment, and health, showing structural discrimination that excludes people with Down syndrome. The research also highlighted the lack of effective implementation of public policies, despite a solid regulatory framework, due to a lack of resources and institutional coordination. The interviewed mothers pointed out the lack of institutional support and the essential role of the family in defending these rights. The main conclusions suggest that, to improve inclusion, concrete measures are needed, such as the effective implementation of public policies, social awareness, and strengthening support programs. It is recommended to increase resources allocated to inclusive education and access to adequate healthcare services to ensure the full exercise of the rights of people with Down syndrome.