A generalization of the Einstein\u2013Maxwell equations

Abstract

The proposed modifications of the Einstein–Maxwell equations include: (1) the addition of a scalar term to the electromagnetic side of the equation rather than to the gravitational side, (2) the introduction of a four-dimensional, nonlinear electromagnetic constitutive tensor, (3) the addition of curvature terms arising from the non-metric components of a general symmetric connection and (4) the addition of a non-isotropic pressure tensor. The scalar term is defined by the condition that a spherically symmetric particle be force-free and mathematically well behaved everywhere. The constitutive tensor introduces two structure fields: One contributes to the mass and the other contributes to the angular momentum. The additional curvature terms couple both to particle solutions and to localized electromagnetic and gravitational wave solutions. The pressure term is needed for the most general spherically symmetric, static metric. It results in a distinction between the Schwarzschild mass and the inertial mass.