Abstract
Energy demand associated with the ever-increasing penetration of electric vehicles on worldwide roads is set to rise exponentially in the coming years. The fact that more and more vehicles will be connected to the electricity network will offer greater advantages to the network operators, as the presence of an on-board battery of discrete capacity will be able to support a whole series of ancillary services or smart energy management. To allow this, the vehicle must be equipped with a bidirectional full power charger, which will allow not only recharging but also the supply of energy to the network, playing an active role as a distributed energy resource. To manage recharge and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operations, the charger has to be more complex and has to require a fast and effective control structure. In this work, we present a control strategy for an integrated on-board battery charger with a nine-phase electric machine. The control scheme integrates a fuzzy logic controller within a voltage-oriented control strategy. The control has been implemented and simulated in Simulink. The results show how the voltage on the DC-bus is controlled to the reference value by the fuzzy controller and how the CC/CV charging mode of the battery is possible, using different charging/discharging current levels. This allows both three-phase fast charge and V2G operations with fast control response time, without causing relevant distortion grid-side (Total Harmonic Distortion is maintained around 3%), even in the presence of imbalances of the machine, and with very low ripple stress on the battery current/voltage.
Highlights
The advent of smart grids and the ever greater and more frequent integration of distributed energy sources (DER) into modern energy systems is causing huge changes in the concept of ancillary services for transmission and distribution systems
Two possibilities can be considered for battery integration, and one does not exclude the other: it is possible to use both stationary storage systems and batteries integrated into electric vehicles (EVs); the former have the great advantage of being permanently available, guaranteeing a reliable service, but the disadvantage of having a high initial cost
EVs batteries have traction as their primary purpose; when not in use, they can provide the ancillary services requested with remuneration for the vehicle owners
Summary
The advent of smart grids and the ever greater and more frequent integration of distributed energy sources (DER) into modern energy systems is causing huge changes in the concept of ancillary services for transmission and distribution systems. VOC control strategy symmetry for charging of a nine-phase based propulsion mitigate unbalances by non-perfect of mode the machine parameters in the real case; system, current balancing and interleaving was described. Theaaim of this work, which takes and completes the considerations illustrated in [25], is to connected to acontrol nine-phase inverter bothmachine chargingwith andthree In previous this present a VOC algorithm for aduring nine-phase pointsworks, connected technique used inverter a very large number of PI regulators, making system very complex in computing to a nine-phase during both charging and V2G mode.the. Power flow charging/V2G of the on-board ensured the controlling the considered inverter as PWM boost rectifier to achieve grid side unity power factor three-phase supply to the three neutral points of the machine and controlling the considered inverter as recharge/V2G operations, with no torque production the motor and withoperations, low distortion grid. Be adapted to different power charging levels, showing effectiveness against imbalances due to the inequality of the machine phase parameters
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