A functional–structural plant model for dwarf tomato ideotype identification in vertical farming

The gamma nail has an option to statically lock its lag screw (static mode) or to allow its lag screw to move within the nail to compress the intertrochanteric fracture (dynamic mode). The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical stiffness of static and dynamic lag screw modes for a cephalomedullary nail used to fix an unstable peritrochanteric fracture. Unstable four-part peritrochanteric fractures were created in 30 synthetic femurs and fixed with Long Gamma 3 Nails. Mechanical tests were conducted for axial, lateral, and torsional stiffness with intact femurs, femur-nail constructs with static lag screw mode,and femur-nail constructs with dynamic lag screw mode. A paired Student's t test was used for all statistical comparisons between test groups. Axial and torsional stiffness of intact femurs was significantly greater than femur-nail constructs (p < 0.01 all comparisons),whereas lateral stiffness was significantly less (p < 0.01 all comparisons). Axial stiffness of the femur-nail construct was significantly greater (p < 0.01) in static mode (484.3 N/mm 80.2 N/mm) than in dynamic mode (424.1 N/mm 78.0 N/mm).Lateral stiffness was significantly greater (p < 0.01) in static mode (113.9 N/mm 8.4 N/mm) than in dynamic mode (109.5N/mm 8.8 N/mm). Torsional stiffness was significantly greater (p = 0.02) in dynamic mode (114.5 N/mm 28.2 N/mm) than in static mode (111.7 N/mm 27.0 N/mm). There is a 60 N/mm (12.4%) reduction in axial stiffness when the lag screw is in dynamic mode. Given the statistically significant reduction in axial and lateral stiffness with use of the dynamic mode, static lag screw mode should be further explored clinically for treatment of unstable peritrochanteric fractures.

Aim: This study was designed to determine the lifespan of One Curve (OC) heat-treated nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary files operating under static and dynamic fatigue conditions using intracanal lubricants such as oil or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Materials and Methods: The OC files were tested using an artificial zirconia canal. They were tested in air without any intracanal lubricant under static (Group 1) and dynamic (Group 4) modes, and after filling the canal with either oil (Group 2 and Group 5 under static and dynamic modes respectively) or 1% NaOCl (Group 3 and Group 6 under static and dynamic modes respectively). One Curve files were rotated freely in the canal at a speed of 350 rpm (continuous clockwise) under static mode until file failure occurred through fracture. In case of dynamic testing, the instruments were rotated at the same conditions in the canal, but with an additional back and forth movement until fracturing. The number of cycles to fracture (NCF) were recorded and statistically analysed using One Way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests. Results: Testing of the file in air demonstrated the lowest fatigue resistance, where the static test mode (NCF: 560 ± 8.25) was the worse than the dynamic mode (NCF: 636.81±14.49). On the other hand, the instruments tested under both static and dynamic modes in oil as an intracanal lubricant showed improved lifespans in terms of NCF (1193.89±7.96 and 1351.39 ± 7.06) compared to the same modes in NaOCl lubrication (878.89 ± 8.59 and 1093.82±39.08). Regardless of intracanal lubricant, the dynamic groups produced better results than the static ones. In terms of fractured length, significant differences were identified between the groups except between Group 2 and Group 6. Conclusions: Type of intracanal lubricant demonstrated a more influential effect on the file lifespan than the mode of cyclic fatigue (CF) test. The dynamic CF test utilising oil intracanal lubricant resulted the best improvement in the file lifespan.

Laser hair removal has recently become a major indication. Diode lasers have become commercially available offering two modes of application: a stamping or static mode, and a dynamic mode whereby the handpiece is continuously moved across the target tissue. The present study was designed to compare the efficacy of these two approaches clinically and histologically. Twenty-five subjects participated in the study, 12 males and 13 females, ages ranging from 20 to 57 yr (Mean age 41.6 yr). A baseline hair count was performed on both the target areas. The ms-pulsed diode laser delivered 810 nm via a handpiece with a cooled tip, offering both static and dynamic modes which were used on the subjects' left and right crura, respectively. Pain during treatment was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) and gross inspection was performed immediately after treatment for any abnormality in the treated skin. Hair counts were performed on both crura at 1 and 3 months after the treatment, and compared with the baseline counts. Biopsies were performed in the dynamic mode treated skin at baseline and at 1 month after the treatment, and assessed with light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All subjects completed the study. Compared with baseline, hair counts were significantly lower at 1 and 3 months post-treatment with no significant difference between the static and dynamic laser depilation modes, nor in the severity of the pain experienced during the procedure. Histologically, degenerative changes in the hair follicles were noted immediately after laser treatment. At one month, cystic formation was seen in the hair follicles showing a strong tendency towards apoptotic cell death. With the diode laser system and at the parameters used in the present study, high depilation efficacy was seen with no significant difference between the static and dynamic modes. Interestingly, good long-term depilation is probably a result of induced apoptotic cell death in the follicles rather than any other mechanism.

Objective: to compare the results of endurance, strength and functional status of spine stabilisers muscles (core stability) obtained by testing national teams athletes of different sports.Materials and methods: 71 male athletes (judokas, boxers, cyclists and wrestlers) aged 18–25 years participated in this study. Athletes were asked to perform «Motor Control test» in static and dynamic mode and three trial attempts were given to be familiar with test.Results: cyclists were found to have the highest overall scores in both static and dynamic modes, but the results for different spatial parameters differ. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing the following core stability indicators: «Forward (static mode)», «Back (dynamic mode)», «Left (static mode)», «Forward-left (static mode), «Forward-right (dynamic mode)», «Back-left (static mode)», «Back-left (dynamic mode)», «Back-right (dynamic mode)».Conclusion. The cycling requires more core stability than boxing, wrestling and judo, but further investigations and larger samples of athletes are needed.

Edible mushrooms are often regarded as a sustainable source of proteins, and several studies have sought to further improve the sustainability of this production. The vertical farming (VF) system could help to reduce the environmental impact during the cultivation of this crop. This study aimed to evaluate whether a VF cultivation system could increase the production and sustainability of Pleurotus species. In this study, P. cornucopiae (PC) and P. ostreatus (PO) were cultivated in a VF system using four-layer iron shelves arranged both individually and in combined configurations in the mushrooms greenhouse; a randomized block design with three replicates for each treatment was used. The impact of shelf layers on the productive traits of these crops was also evaluated, comparing upper layers to the ground layer (Control). In addition, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis was carried out to compare the environmental impact of VF and a conventional cultivation system for PO. The results demonstrated that the shelf layer influenced primordia formation, yield, and morphological characteristics. PC exhibited optimal growth in the upper layers, whereas PO performed better in the lower layers, reflecting their respective temperature preferences. The shelf configuration affected light exposure and primordia induction but did not significantly influence overall yield or morphology. The VF system had a lower overall environmental burden, in particular, considering the climate change impact (−27%) and fossil fuel consumption (−37%) compared to conventional cultivation. Among the phases, substrate production had the highest impact due to the higher substrate needed. In conclusion, VF for Pleurotus production enhanced both the productivity and the sustainability of this crop, but further study regarding the economic analysis of this system is needed to assess the industrial application of this system.

This work aims to highlight the promising adsorption capacity and kinetic of (poly)chlorobenzene pollutants in the hybrid MIL-101(Cr) type material for technological uses in industrial waste exhaust decontamination. The influence of the MIL-101(Cr) crystal size (nano- and microcrystals) on the adsorption behavior was studied in static and dynamic modes. For this purpose, crystals of MIL-101(Cr) in nano- and micrometric sizes were synthesized and fully characterized. Their sorption properties regarding 1,2-dichlorobenzene were examined using gravimetric method in dynamic (p/p°=0.5) and static (p/p°=1) modes at room temperature. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene adsorption was only performed under static mode because of its too low vapor pressure. 1,2-dichlorobenzene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were used to mimic 2,3-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, respectively, and more largely dioxin compounds. Adsorptions of these probes were successfully carried out in nano- and microcrystals of MIL-101(Cr). Indeed, in static mode (p/p°=1) and at room temperature, nanocrystals adsorb 2266 molecules of 1,2-dichlorobenzene and 2093 molecules of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene per unit cell, whereas microcrystals adsorb 1871 molecules of 1,2-dichlorobenzene and 1631 molecules of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene per unit cell. In dynamic mode, the 1,2-dichlorobenzene adsorbed amounts are substantially similar to those obtained in static mode. However, the adsorption kinetics are different because of a different scheme of diffusivity of the adsorbate between the two modes. To the best of our knowledge, these adsorption capacities of MIL-101(Cr) as adsorbent for polychlorobenzenes trapping have never been referenced. MIL-101(Cr) appears as a promising material for technological uses in industrial waste exhaust decontamination.

Singapore, a highly urbanized island city with limited land and agricultural space, faces significant challenges due to climate change and the urban heat island effect (UHIE). This study investigates the feasibility and potential benefits of integrating vertical farming (VF) on building facades and agrivoltaic (AV) systems on the rooftops of public housing (HDB) estates as sustainable solutions. To evaluate local microclimatic conditions, solar irradiance mapping was conducted using ClimateS-tudio across three HDB estates, representing both old and new buildings, to identify suitable facade surfaces for VF systems. The irradiance data were further analyzed using an energy balance equa-tion to assess surface temperatures, while additional parameters such as Daily Light Integral (DLI) and Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) were incorporated to determine facade suitability for crop cultivation. The simulation results indicate that VF systems on HDB facades provide a sub-stantial cooling effect by reducing heat transfer into buildings through the replacement of conven-tional materials with vegetation. This effect contributes to lower internal temperatures and en-hances urban thermal comfort. Suitable crops were identified based on facade conditions: (i) green pepper, suitable for high-light environments; (ii) cabbage, ideal for mid-rise facades; and (iii) let-tuce, which thrives in shaded areas. Additionally, the study examined the design and feasibility of modular AV systems on HDB rooftops using Grasshopper and PVSyst simulation software. Various AV configurations were evaluated to optimize agricultural productivity and solar energy generation. Findings suggest that incorporating crops within AV systems not only supports food production but also enhances photovoltaic efficien-cy by mitigating panel temperatures. The combined implementation of VF and AV systems presents a promising strategy for reducing carbon emissions associated with vegetable transportation, con-tributing to urban sustainability goals. This research demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of deploying VF and AV systems on HDB buildings, supporting Singapore's objectives for food security, renewable energy, and climate resilience.

Self ignition of layers of powder mixtures: Effect of solid inertants

Comparison of the ZnO:Al films deposited in static and dynamic modes by reactive mid-frequency magnetron sputtering

Achyranthes japonica Nakai (AJN) is a medicinal plant known to be beneficial for the joints. Since it takes at least two years from sowing to harvesting in an open field, new AJN cultivation strategies are needed to shorten the production period and improve quality. In this study, high-quality AJN is produced as microgreens in a vertical farm using a commercial ginseng soil mix (Myeongpum-Insamsangto, Shinsung Mineral Co., Ltd., Goesan, Republic of Korea) and controlled environmental conditions. The cultivation conditions included a temperature of 23 ± 2 °C, relative humidity of 50 ± 10%, and a photosynthetic photon flux density of 170 ± 15 µmol·m−2·s−1. Pre-harvest intermittent UV-B exposure, with an intensity of 1.0 ± 0.3 W/m−2, was applied for one day before harvest to evaluate its effects, using controlled environmental conditions in the vertical farm. Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation increases secondary metabolite levels in plants; however, the effect of UV-B on 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), an indicator of AJN, is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether UV-B treatment of AJN microgreens affected growth and secondary metabolites. The treatment group was set to 12 h of continuous UV-B treatment during the day, two 6 h UV-B treatments, and four 3 h UV-B treatments to confirm the effectiveness of regular and intermittent treatment and recovery. Short-term UV-B treatment before harvesting increased phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and 20E levels without affecting AJN biomass. The intermittent 6 h UV-B irradiation with a 6 h recovery time stimulated 20E content by approximately 1.4 times compared to the control. These study findings indicate that short-term UV-B treatment before harvesting, an appropriate recovery time, and intermittent UV-B exposure are more effective at increasing 20E content than continuous treatment. This approach provides a promising strategy for improving the nutritional and health benefits of AJN microgreens in vertical farming systems.

A study to determine the single-event burnouts (SEBs) sensitivity for burnout of IRF-150 power MOSFETS in both static and dynamic modes in terms of LET threshold and cross section is described. The dynamic tests were conducted with a power converter which was designed for actual space application. The results were compared with static measurements which were made during the exposure to the heavy ions. The data showed that the dynamic mode was less sensitive than the static by two orders of magnitude in cross section. It was also observed that ions with a range less than 30 microns did not produce destructive burnout in the dynamic mode even when their LET exceeded the threshold value. The extent of physical MOSFET damage in the destructive, dynamic tests appeared to correlate with the ion LET and source-drain voltage. >

Laser tissue soldering based on protein as biological glues and other compounds can provide greater bond strength and less collateral damage. Endogenous and exogenous materials such as indocyanine green (ICG) are often added to solders to enhance light absorption. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of static and dynamic modes of laser soldering on the thermo-physical properties of the sheep skin. A mixture of albumin solder and ICG was prepared with the ratio of 1000:1 and then the coated samples were irradiated by a diode laser (≈ 800nm) at different conditions. Temperature rise, number of scan (Ns), and scan velocity (Vs) were investigated in dynamic mode. The results showed that at each laser power density (I) the tissue tensile strength (σt) of cuts repaired in dynamic mode is higher than static mode. However, in practice to have an optimal condition for skin closure the above parameters must be carefully studied. In our case, the results showed that the σt increases by increasing both Ns and I. But, also it has been equally shown that at lower Vs, hence higher temperature, a higher value of σt is achieved. It is therefore imperative to consider the trade off between the scan and the surface temperature for achieving the optimum operating condition. Finally, it is tentatively concluded that the skin temperature should not exceed 90°C at any time of work, then the acceptable conditions in our experiment correspond to I= 47 Wcm−2, σt =300gr, Ns=8, Vs=0.3mms−1.KeywordsTissue solderingDiode laserICGTensile strengthStatic and dynamic mode

Techno-economic-environmental analysis of solar/hybrid/storage for vertical farming system: A case study, Malaysia

Adsorptive solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibres have proven to be a reliable means of sampling volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air. In this work, polydimethylsiloxane/carboxen (PDMS/CAR) fibres were used to test a new approach of air sampling strategy with SPME in the lab which could lighten calibration procedure and enhance the use of this already rapid, simple, convenient and cost effective sampling technique. Indeed, only one curve can be used whatever the extraction time chosen by the analyst under constant conditions of air velocity and temperature. Ficks' law of diffusion was used to model SPME grab sampling when the fibre was totally exposed to the air sample. Experimental sampling rates were then determined by GC-FID for different sampling conditions, i.e. in a flowing air stream of known velocity ("dynamic mode") and in a stagnant air ("static mode"). These sampling rates were found to be 3.50 and 17.80 mL min(-1) for acetone, 4.06 and 21.20 mL min(-1) for 1,2-dichloroethane, 5.10 and 27.80 mL min(-1) for toluene and 5.36 and 30.80 mL min(-1) for butyl acetate, for static and dynamic sampling modes respectively. Deviation from linearity of the calibration curves, indicating that a significant fraction of the adsorption sites are occupied, were determined. They were found to be approximately equal to 0.9, 1.57, 3.82 and 4.37 nmol for acetone, dichloroethane, toluene and butyl acetate, respectively. Experimentally determined sampling rates of these isolated compounds were also valid when a complex equimolar gaseous mixture was investigated, but deviation from linearity appears earlier. Then, for a given application, sampling times should be chosen very carefully to avoid competitive adsorption and hence, bad quantitative analysis results.

To evaluate the sonographic parameters related to morphological characteristics of pelvic adnexal masses by obtaining two-dimensional images by an observer presence, forwarded electronically (via tele-ultrasound) in static and dynamic modes observers do not face (distance) for comparative analyzes inter intraobserver and to the validation of a second opinion. From March to August 2010 were selected 50 patients with adnexal mass viewing of the pelvic ultrasound. They were subjected to ultrasound for abdominal and transvaginal routes. The images were captured in static and dynamic modes, electronically forwarded for evaluation of non-presence and two examiners evaluated according to morphological ultrasonographic parameters previously determined. The evaluators did not face in static and dynamic modes obtained almost perfect agreement for all morphological parameters with Kappa values between 0.6 and 0.8. There was no difference between the methods employed, except for the morphological parameter papillary projection in the static mode, in which the agreement was almost perfect (0.8) while in dynamic mode was substantial (0.6). The sonographic parameters of the features of adnexal masses pelvic sent by tele-ultrasound are capable of being validated for issuing a second opinion. There were no significant differences in the methodology used in the issue of tele-ultrasound images (static or dynamic) to characterize the composition of pelvic adnexal masses.