A Forgotten History. A Communist Horse and the Last Vandalization of the Princely Court of Târgoviște

Moldavia in modern age – especially in 16th and 17th centuries – being a tributary to the Ottoman Empire – still caught Polish attention. Both Poles and Turks considered Moldavia as a buffer which needed their attention. Such a situation allowed more ambitious hospodars to balance and keep as large an autonomy as it possibly could. Although Moldavian hospodars had to obey to the Porte, they often kept close diplomatic and even military relationships with Poland. Giving Polish indigenous to hospodars was a good way to keep them in obedience to Poland. This honour was given – among the others – to Miron Barnovski, Vasile Lupu and Gheorghe Ştefan. All these hospodars – although they fought against each other – saw in Poland a guarantor of their power. This article discusses the policy of these hospodars toward Poland and focuses on the circumstances of giving Polish indigenous to these rulers. The article also signals some historical principles ruling the actions of Poles, Moldavian and Turks in this difficult period.

Moldavia in modern age – especially in 16th and 17th centuries – being a tributary to the Ottoman Empire – still caught Polish attention. Both Poles and Turks considered Moldavia as a buffer which needed their attention. Such a situation allowed more ambitious hospodars to balance and keep as large an autonomy as it possibly could. Although Moldavian hospodars had to obey to the Porte, they often kept close diplomatic and even military relationships with Poland. Giving Polish indigenous to hospodars was a good way to keep them in obedience to Poland. This honour was given – among the others – to Miron Barnovski, Vasile Lupu and Gheorghe Ştefan. All these hospodars – although they fought against each other – saw in Poland a guarantor of their power. This article discusses the policy of these hospodars toward Poland and focuses on the circumstances of giving Polish indigenous to these rulers. The article also signals some historical principles ruling the actions of Poles, Moldavian and Turks in this difficult period.

Simplistic thinking would have us believe that by eliminating the loading of a given pollutant, an aquatic system will revert to its previous pristine state. This premise is without scientific verification. Besides the fact that typically very little documentation exists defining what exactly that previous pristine state was, it should be noted tha

The characteristic concept which distinguishes Hegel from the rest of modern age philosophy is that of “spirit.” Modern philosophy since Descartes and Hobbes has been a philosophy of reason and subjectivity. Of course, there have been tendencies to radically criticize reason and subjectivity in modern philosophy as well: From Nietzsche to existentialism, critical theory in its early phase and the so-called “post-modern” philosophy. But in general “Reason” and “Rationality” are approved of as crucial and positive concepts and values in the science and philosophy, politics, and economics of modern times.

Several international conventions and charters which issued by ICOMOS reviewed the idea of completion historic buildings. Some supported the absolute thought of completion and the need to adapt it as one of the necessities of conservation operations, so as to put the fingerprint of current modern technologies on restoration and preservation processes while others went to keep this process at the minimum intervention level. With using the original materials at the restoration process, this paper highlighted charters and conventions contribution to the idea of completion. research problem pointed to the close connection between the completion and the authenticity regarding the decisions of restoration of the historic buildings, This was discussed by examining the status of the restoration of Prince Taz Palace project, which occurred in a partial collapse made an alarm to start the restoration work and resulted set of decisions related to the idea of completion, which has developed its philosophy according to the changing cases that appeared in the palace, and also the completion works varied not only at the level of intervention, but also at its kinds as structural, architectural and fine art elements, The study focused on the descriptive methodology and analytical approach through the selected case study. The research concluded that the philosophy of completion varies according to each case. And one building can include several levels of completion provided that there are archaeological and documentary evidence to prove this.

REVIEWS Beresford, Maurice and John Hurst, Wharram Percy: deserted medieval village, N e w Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1990; cloth; pp. 144; 100tilustrations,13 colour plates; R.R.P. AUS$25.00. Archaeology traditionally has been presented in terms of classic excavated sites. Although not a household name even among medievalists (who may ask 'who' rather than 'what' it is), Wharram Percy over its forty years of excavation has become the type-site of an English deserted medieval viUage. Theresultsof field survey on the ground and from the air, as well as of excavation and of documentary and environmental study of W h a n a m Percy, are ably summarised and weU illustrated in this book. It is particularly strong on explanation of how and why the various stages of research came about. When in 1948 academic interest was first taken 'almost by accident' in W h a n a m Percy, the category of deserted medieval village and the discipline of medieval archaeology were just being recognised. The results of archaeological investigation are critically dependent on the questions asked of a site, and Beresford and Hurst are candid about the shortcomings of their excavation programme in this regard, showing how interpretation or reinterpretation of the evidence often posed new questions and demanded new strategies to answer them. The book is thus also informative about the way archaeologists work. Typically, the excavators got much more than they had bargained for at Wharram Percy: not just the plans of medieval village houses as first sought but evidence for 2000 years of settlement on the site. Fifth-century continuity is not proven but one gathers that the evidence is more likely to be unrecognised than absent. While the main interest of the book remains centred on the village in the twelfthtofifteenthcenturies, great care is taken to put this phase into the complete picture of activity from Neolithic ranching (no settlement identified) to the archaeological excavation itself. There is indeed a whole chapter about the post-medieval farms and parsonages after the village had ceased to exist. The Saxon period comes through as the most enigmatic. The reader will be rather startled to read of the discovery, in middle-Saxon levels at the W h a n a m Percy north manor site, of Tating ware, which according to the Glossary (p. 138) is 'found in England only at the main trading centres and important royal or religious centres'. The Anglian stone cross fragment lacks a context, and why 'there is a distinct possibility that W h a n a m Percy may form one of the small family monastic sites that are known to have existed in the middle Saxon period' (p. 84) is not at all clear. I have two, related, minor criticisms of the book. Its specifically British usage of 'early medieval' for 'Norman' rather than 'Saxon' may be confusing to international readers. Also a section on W h a n a m Percy in the context of 116 Reviews European medieval archaeology is desirable, especially as the Danish village excavations of Axel Steensberg seem to have been initially inspirational to the Wharram Percy excavators. Wharram Percy deserted medieval village has been developed as an English Heritage site for visitors, as is explained in the book. Located within thirty kilometres of York, it thus provides a rural medieval counterpart to the Jorvik Viking Centre which is the enduring outcome of another outstanding English medieval archaeological excavation. Lynette Olson Department of History University of Sydney Berger, Harry, jr., Revisionary play: studies in the Spenserian dynamics, Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, University of California Press, 1988; paper; pp. 494; R.R.P. US$14.95. In 1957 Harry Berger, Jr. published The allegorical temper, a full-length study of Book II of The Faerie Queene based upon his doctoral dissertation, and in 1968 he edited Spenser: a collection ofcritical essays. Both works have been accorded canonical status within the outstanding corpus of Spenser scholarship which emerged in the 1960s and '70s. Revisionary play is divided into two sections. Thefirstbringstogethereleven critical articles on The Faerie Queene which were originally published between 1961 and 1971 in such prestigious journals as Studies in...

The financial and budgetary mechanism plays a key role in the reconstruction process in Ukraine, ensuring stable financing, transparency and accountability of management, effective allocation of resources, attraction of various sources of financing, including international donors, focusing on priority areas of reconstruction. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical foundations of the construction of the financial and budgetary mechanism of public management of reconstruction and restoration processes. The financial and budgetary mechanism of public management of reconstruction and restoration processes is proposed to be interpreted as a system of tools, methods and procedures that ensure effective planning, distribution, use and control of financial resources necessary for the implementation of reconstruction and restoration measures. Its goal is to mobilize and ensure the rational and effective use of financial resources necessary for the restoration and development of territories affected by military conflicts or natural disasters, as well as to create conditions for sustainable economic and social development in the long term. The research summarizes the elements of the financial and budgetary mechanism of public management of reconstruction and restoration processes, specifies its tasks, defines the subjects and objects of management, and substantiates the principles, methods and tools of management. It has been proven that the operation of the mechanism should be based on a few principles, including transparency, efficiency, accountability, priority, fairness, flexibility, long-term sustainability, innovation, cooperation, targeted use of resources. The main tasks of the mechanism are planning and budgeting, mobilization of financial resources, their distribution and use, control and audit, risk management, reporting and ensuring transparency, development of the institutional capacity of public administration subjects. Systematized financial and budgetary instruments of direct and indirect influence. An important direction of further research is the systematization of financial and budgetary tools of public administration, considering the features of specific reconstruction and recovery processes at the community level.

This research focuses on the preservation process of ancient manuscripts which are in a very fragile condition. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The purpose of this study is to find out how the preservation of ancient manuscripts is carried out by the museum manager, how to physically preserve ancient manuscripts and how to preserve the contents of the ancient manuscripts. The results of this study describe the preservation process that has been carried out. So far, the maintenance carried out by the manager is by means of conservation, restoration, digitization and research. The effort was made in an effort to save various ancient manuscripts that are neatly stored in this museum. In practice museum managers try their best. One of the challenges that is felt to be one of the obstacles is the low budget owned by the museum in carrying out these preservation activities. The conclusion obtained is that various conservation efforts that have been carried out have become the main focus in the conservation process, although in practice there are still many challenges that need to be reviewed

The aim is the daily life of inhabitants of the Dnipropetrovsk (Dnipro) are considered in the conditions of the first post-war years.Research methods: historical and genetic; historical and comparative, system.Main results. The situation in different spheres of city life, state of communal infrastructure, centralized water supply and heating, food supply, priority areas of development of the city economy are shown. The forms and methods of solving the acute problems of the post-war policy and each family, factors of the material and everyday condition of the working people are considered. The ways of restoring the residential area of the city are shown. The restoration of the housing stock was given in two directions: by repairing partially destroyed buildings and, to a lesser extent, by new construction. In the city, due to the lack of material and technical base, mostly one- and two-storey residential buildings were erected. The way out of the situation was the settlement of the incoming families in the apartment of the surviving state houses, as well as the provision of land to those who were ready to solve their housing problems at their own expense. The various spheres of life of the inhabitants of the city in 1944–1947, their social and economic problems are analyzed: the material and communal conditions of their everyday life, social behavior and strategies of survival of different categories of the population of the policy. The social deviations of the deviant character that took place at this time are shown. The situation in the city under conditions of famine of 1946–1947 was studied. The forms and methods of solving problems of specific categories of inhabitants of the city in this difficult period. The attention was paid to such categories as infants, children of nursery, kindergarten and schoolchildren and students of technical schools. The real situation with wages was investigated, it was found that due to the necessity of various types of voluntary and compulsory loans and mandatory taxes, it was low in itself, it could not ensure the proper existence of a person. It is shown that the system of ensuring food and real needs of the population, namely, normalized supply of food and cargoes through the trading network at government prices for cards. It was found that the supply of food and household goods was extremely unsatisfactory, incomparable with a negligible payment of labor, making the price even unattainable, even on the shelves. At the same time different norms were applied for the workers, for the unemployed, the workers of various sectors of the national economy, employees of different institutions and different rank. In parallel, there was state open (commercial) trade with high prices, and also - bazaars at their prices. Many residents of the city were forced to ride in the villages and exchange household items for food. An impoverished day-long menu of many inhabitants of Dnipropetrovsk consisted mainly of vegetable food. Despite the difficult conditions for the restoration of the industrial and residential sectors, the cityʼs social sphere was restored. Understand the destroyed buildings and exported garbage. Every year, thousands of trees were planted on the streets and in parks, new squares were broken, repairs of the pavement, sidewalks, dwelling houses were painted, and markets were adjusted according to sanitary requirements. Works were underway to increase the capacity of urban water supply. Hospitals, various kindergartens were restored. To provide everyday needs of the population, shops were open, workersʼ dining rooms, equipped sports, dance and playgrounds, parks were improved, new baths were renovated and new baths were introduced, working clubs were being built.Main results. It is concluded that the everyday life of the first post-war years of Dnipropetrovsk was characterized by the difficult conditions of the existence of its inhabitants. Despite the ongoing rehabilitation of the city material, domestic and communal conditions of their existence were determined by the complex socio-economic situation, severe socio-demographic consequences of the war, as well as causes of a natural climatic nature. All this determined the strategies of their existence in the difficult conditions in which the majority of the city population, despite the difficulties, continued to fulfill the basic purpose of the person – to live, work, raise and raise children.Practical significance. For the historians of the everyday life of Dnipropetrovsk in post-war times.Originality. On the basis of research materials and memoirs of participants of events, the situation of the city's everyday life was reconstructed.The scientific novelty. The article was first presented in the history of post-war Dnipropetrovsk through the prism of everyday life, the various spheres of the existence of its inhabitants.Type of article: empirical.

Marxism, in its diverse twentieth-century manifestations, belonged to the most powerful political ideas of the modern age. It also impacted deeply on a range of new social movements that emerged from the 1960s onwards and formed the focus of new forms of civil society protests. In the introduction to this volume, the two editors will provide an overview of the relationship between Marxism and social movements during the twentieth century. They will also link the arguments of the chapters of the volume to this overall development thereby highlighting where the book makes a major contribution to both scholarship on Marxism and scholarship on social movements.

State-society differentiation and political centralization interact to influence the amount, focus, and effect of legal activity. Using case studies of anti-nuclear power litigation in the 1970s in the United States, West Germany, France, and Sweden, this article develops a general theory of political systems and legal activity. While the United States, West Germany, and France all had considerable amounts of antinuclear litigation, in France and Germany such litigation was directed almost exclusively at the state. In the United States, the targets of antinuclear litigation were much more diffuse. Centralized Sweden with its corporatist political system had significantly less antinuclear legal activity than the other three countries, which were roughly comparable. Germany was the only country in which the state took an active role in shaping the content of legal cases, and it was the only country where litigation became a critical factor in modifying national policy. Through these case studies, this article explores how contextual factors such as the political frames of nation-states, which exist apart from individual litigiousness and even apart from legal systems themselves may create particular cross-cultural variations in patterns of legal activity.

The Labor of Curating: Fandom, Museums, and the Value of Fan Heritage

基于无人机影像的草方格生态恢复区植被空间格局演化研究

«Forgotten name... Yakov A. Rosenstein»

Актуальность научной работы определяется необходимостью повышения качества оказания доклинической помощи населению страны. Одной из форм доклинического сопровождения граждан является санитарно-просветительская работа, к которой на высоком профессиональном уровне должны быть готовы будущие медицинские сестры. Своевременное информирование граждан о санитарно-гигиенических нормах может оказать значимую поддержку работникам медицинских учреждений в сложные эпидемиологические периоды их работы. Актуальность научной работы определила предмет исследования. Целью статьи является уточнение содержательных позиций педагогической модели процесса формирования готовности будущих медицинских сестер к осуществлению санитарно-просветительской работы. Гипотеза исследования: педагогическая модель формирования готовности будущих медицинских сестер к просветительской работе будет эффективной, если будут определены и проинтерпретированы ее базовые компоненты: целевой, методологический, смысловой, организационный, оценочно-результативный и прогностически-вероятностный. Методы исследования: анализ научной литературы по проблеме научного исследования, опрос, метод моделирования и проектирования. Результаты работы и научный вклад автора: базовым достижением считаем уточнение ведущей идеи и структурных компонентов педагогической модели процесса формирования готовности будущих медицинских сестер к осуществлению санитарно-просветительской работы. Особенным педагогическую модель делает предложение курса по выбору, позволяющего усилить у будущих медицинских сестер аксиологическую установку на ведение санитарно-просветительской деятельности. Уникальность авторского курса состоит в повышении роли аффективных переживаний личности относительно процесса развития ее когнитивных функций. Научный вклад автора состоит в уточнении роли аффективных процессов в развитии психологической готовности будущих медицинских сестер к ведению просветительской работы. Выводы: уточнение ведущей идеи, базовых методологических подходов педагогической модели, а также ее компонентов позволит грамотнее расходовать дидактические ресурсы учреждений профессионального образования. Ограничения/направления будущих исследований: полагаем, что результаты нашего исследования будут ценны для всех уровней организации профессионального образования. The relevance of scientific work is determined by the need to improve the quality of preclinical care for the population of the country. One of the forms of pre-clinical support of citizens is sanitary and educational work, for which future nurses should be prepared at a high professional level. Timely informing citizens about sanitary and hygienic standards can provide significant support to employees of medical institutions during difficult epidemiological periods of their work. The relevance of scientific work determines the subject of the study. The purpose of the article is to clarify the content positions of the pedagogical model of the process of forming the readiness of future nurses to carry out sanitary and educational work. The hypothesis of the study is that the pedagogical model for the formation of the readiness of future nurses for educational work will be effective if its basic components are identified and interpreted: target, methodological, semantic, organizational, evaluative-effective and prognostic-probabilistic ones. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature on the problem of scientific research, modeling and design method. The results of the work and the scientific contribution of the author: we consider the basic achievement to be the clarification of the leading idea and structural components of the pedagogical model of the process of shaping the readiness of future nurses to carry out health education work. What makes the pedagogical model special is the offer of an elective course, which makes it possible to strengthen the axiological attitude of future nurses to conduct sanitary and educational activities. The unique author’s course focuses on the influence of affective experiences of a person on the development of their cognitive processes. The scientific contribution of the author is to clarify the role of affective processes in the development of the psychological readiness of future nurses to conduct educational work. Conclusions: clarification of the leading idea, the basic methodological approaches of the pedagogical model, as well as its components, will allow more competent use of the didactic resources of vocational education institutions. Limitations/directions for future research: we believe that the results of our study will be valuable for organization of vocational education of all levels.