Abstract
The present study investigated the steady magnetohydrodynamics of the axisymmetric flow of a incompressible, viscous, electricity-conducting nanofluid with convective boundary conditions and thermo-diffusion over a radially stretched surface. The nanoparticles’ volume fraction was passively controlled on the boundary, rather than actively controlled. The governing non-linear partial differential equations were transformed into a system of nonlinear, ordinary differential equations with the aid of similarity transformations which were solved numerically, using the very efficient variational finite element method. The coefficient of skin friction and rate of heat transfer, and an exact solution of fluid flow velocity, were contrasted with the numerical solution gotten by FEM. Excellent agreement between the numerical and exact solutions was observed. The influences of various physical parameters on the velocity, temperature, and solutal and nanoparticle concentration profiles are discussed by the aid of graphs and tables. Additionally, authentication of the convergence of the numerical consequences acquired by the finite element method and the computations was acquired by decreasing the mesh level. This exploration is significant for the higher temperature of nanomaterial privileging technology.
Highlights
The exploration of steady nanofluid flow through a stretching surface has been fundamentally prolonged for extensive consideration amid the most recent few years because of numerous applications in the engineering field
Aziz et al [1] described that a change in flow geometry, enhancing thermal conditions, using porous medium and boundary conditions, can be improved heat transfer capacity of the fluid
The perceptions of nanofluid first commenced with Choi [2], to illustrate that a base fluid could have improved thermal conductivity with the addition of nanoparticles
Summary
The exploration of steady nanofluid flow through a stretching surface has been fundamentally prolonged for extensive consideration amid the most recent few years because of numerous applications in the engineering field. The novelty of this work is to consider that the nanoparticles’ volume fraction is passively controlled on the boundary rather than actively with a convective boundary condition over the radially stretched sheet, given the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the thermo-diffusion and chemical reaction. Another aspect of this work is the numerical solution; the finite element method (FEM) was chosen, which is the most robust method to solve the differential equations. Authentication of the convergence of the numerical results that were acquired by the finite element method and the computations was conferred with reference to different mesh sizes for active and passive controls
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