Abstract
The effective utilization of many conventional pesticide formulations is less than 30%, which can increase the environmental impact of these substances. This degree of waste could be reduced by improving the adhesion of pesticides to foliage. In the present work, a complex comprising tannic acid (TA) and Fe3+ ions was used to encapsulate azoxystrobin and avermectin water dispersible granule (WDG) formulations (termed Az-WDG-TA and Av-WDG-TA) to improve adhesion. The treated pesticides exhibited improved photostability as well as sustained continuous release behavior. The retention proportions of the Az-WDG-TA and Av-WDG-TA on cucumber and lettuce foliage were improved by more than 50%. The ability of solutions of these materials to wet foliage was also enhanced after coating, such that the toxicity of Av-WDG-TA to aphids and the antifungal activity of Az-WDG-TA to Fusarium oxysporum were increased by nearly 50%. Given the low cost of TA and Fe3+ compounds and the simple synthesis process, this method represents a promising means of producing foliage-adhesive pesticide formulations with increased retention and bioavailability.
Highlights
Constant increases in the worldwide population are leading to a growing demand for food and other resources; the population in the world will exceed 9.2 billion by 2050, which means nearly0.92 million tons of food was supplied by the United Nation predicted [1,2]
The results demonstrated that the pesticide particles were readily coated using a combination of tannic acid (TA) and Fe3+ ions, with the Fe3+ coordinated to the TA
The farmer sprayed a lot during the activity, which is a huge threat to humans and environmental systems
Summary
Constant increases in the worldwide population are leading to a growing demand for food and other resources; the population in the world will exceed 9.2 billion by 2050, which means nearly0.92 million tons of food was supplied by the United Nation predicted [1,2]. Off-target application, run off, and leaching during the traditional spray-based application of pesticides cause nearly 70% of the compounds to be unused, meaning that they enter air, soil, and aquatic. The weak adhesion of pesticides to crop leaves is the main reason for the waste associated with the spraying of pesticides [13,14,15]. Enhancing this adhesion along with reduction of loss, such as rolling down, leaching and bounce off, could increase the effective utilization efficiency of pesticides while positively contributing to the maintenance of various ecosystems
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