A dualistic water cycle system dynamic model for sustainable water resource management through progressive operational scenario analysis.

Comprehensive analysis of water use and pollution management plays an important role in regional water security and sustainable socio-economic development. This study applies the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), Gini index and elasticity coefficient methods to conduct an investigation of industrial and domestic water use and pollution management in Shandong. The results show that industrial water pollution generally displayed a coordinated relationship with socio-economic development, while an uncoordinated relationship occurred between domestic water pollution and socio-economic development. Meanwhile, the Gini index between domestic water use and population in 2017 (0.101) was superior to that of 2003 (0.165), and the Gini index of industrial water use and second industry output in 2017 (0.273) was better than that of 2003 (0.292), indicating that the allocation and equity of domestic and industrial water use in Shandong kept to a good development trend. Additionally, the industrial effect is better than the domestic effect in terms of the control of wastewater emissions and the governance of typical pollutants in wastewater. Accordingly, domestic water pollution has gradually become one of the major sources of water pollution, and the allocation of industrial and domestic water use has room to improve further in Shandong. Conjunctive use of the aforementioned three methods provides an approach to investigate the integrated management of water use and water pollution control from multiple angles.

S team systems are a ubiquitous element in nearly every type of manufacturing plant. In the United States, steam systems are the single largest consumer of energy in the industrial sector, where they account for 37% of annual onsite energy use. Steam use is particularly prominent in the chemicals, paper, petroleum refining, and food and beverage industries, where it is used in a wide range of processes, including reforming, distillation, concentration, cooking, and drying. Together, these four industries comprise nearly 90% of U.S. industrial steam demand, with chemicals manufacturing (30%) and paper manufacturing (30%) holding the largest shares. At the national level, industrial steam systems account for around 6% of U.S. total primary energy use, or 5,900 trillion British thermal units (TBtu). As such, much attention has been paid to steam system energy efficiency improvements as part of corporate, utility, and government energy and air pollution initiatives. Key incentives include local utility rebates, tax incentives, and lowor no-cost steam system energy efficiency audits. Steam system energy efficiency not only makes sense from an environmental perspective, but also from an economic perspective. As of 2006, U.S. manufacturers spent $21 billion on externally purchased boiler fuels. The actual price tag of industrial steam is likely much higher; nearly one-half of U.S. boiler fuels are self-generated within plants in the form of waste gas, black liquor, wood wastes, and other byproducts. These byproduct fuels are not free, as they are generated from purchased materials and typically require further processing for efficient combustion. Reducing demand for boiler fuels can, therefore, help reduce operating costs and improve profit margins. While clearly justified, the historical focus on reducing energy use has overlooked an increasingly compelling benefit of steam system efficiency: namely, reduced water use. Compared to the many public and private incentives for industrial energy efficiency, there are surprisingly few external incentives for industrial water efficiency. One key barrier to such incentives is the lack of credible data on industrial water use, which, unlike data on energy use, are not compiled at the manufacturing industry or process level in regular national surveys. This dearth of data contributes to a general lack of awareness of the sources and scale of industrial water use within the engineering and policy communities, which limits broader attention to water efficiency beyond the plant floor. Another barrier to steam system water efficiency is that the cost of boiler water—and the associated chemicals required for its treatment—typically only represents a small fraction of boiler operating costs, which are dominated by the costs of fuel. However, as we discuss in this Perspective, U.S. industrial steam systems consume copious amount of water. It follows that steam systems are worth a closer look as a manufacturing water efficiency target. Several current trends suggest that water efficiency will play an increasingly prominent role in the financial and sustainability plans of U.S. manufacturers. Recent water stress due to droughts and rising water infrastructure costs have led to increased public water rates around the country. These conditions may worsen with a changing climate. An increasing number of manufacturers are reporting water use as an important environmental indicator in annual corporate sustainability reports, which raises both public awareness of and accountability for water efficiency. Many manufacturers are also being asked by their corporate customers for environmental “footprint” data as part of large-scale sustainable Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to E. Masanet at eric.masanet@northwestern.edu; M.E. Walker at mwalker9@hawk.iit.edu.

Improving water utilization efficiency can effectively alleviate the contradiction between water shortage and water demand in the process of rapid urbanization. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin, China, are characterized by water shortage. In order to improve water use efficiency, taking the 43 prefecture-level units in this region as the study area, industrial and agricultural water use efficiency is calculated based on the undesired SBM-DEA model. Then, the Tobit model is used to explore their influencing factors. The results show that the regional average agricultural water use efficiency is greater than the industrial water use efficiency. The temporal trend indicates that the agricultural water use efficiency shows a fluctuating upward trend, while industrial water use efficiency has a fluctuating downward trend. The gravity center of industrial water use efficiency moves from northwest to southeast in a “Z” shape, while the gravity center of agricultural water use efficiency moves westward as a whole. From the perspective of spatial patterns, the standard deviation ellipse of industrial water use efficiency shows that the industrial water use efficiency is higher in the east–west direction, while the agricultural water use efficiency is higher in the northwest–southeast direction. The improvement of urbanization level is conducive to the improvement of industrial water use efficiency; however, the development of urbanization has a significant inhibitory effect on improving agricultural water use efficiency.

In the context of climate change, the problem of water scarcity is becoming increasingly serious, and improving the efficiency of water resources use is an important measure to alleviate this problem. The evaluation of water resources utilization efficiency has become the basis of water resource management. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) are widely used in the evaluation of water resources utilization efficiency. However, one of these methods is mostly used for evaluation, which cannot reflect the influence of both objective and subjective factors. Therefore, in this study, we propose a water resources utilization efficiency index (WEI) to evaluate the water resources utilization efficiency of each region in the Tumen River Basin (TRB), combining both DEA and AHP methods. Firstly, the DEA-CCR model was used to quantify domestic, agricultural and industrial water use efficiency in the TRB. The DEA-BCC model was used to analyze the main influences on water use efficiency in each sector. Secondly, the WEI was constructed by assigning weights using the AHP model based on the importance of each water use sector. The results show that the WEI values for most areas within the TRB trended upwards between 2014 and 2019. In particular, domestic water use efficiency ranged from 0.294 to 0.775, while agricultural and industrial water use efficiency ranged from 0.039 to 0.054 and 0.031 to 0.375, respectively. Technical efficiency is the main factor influencing water use efficiency in TRB. This study could provide a basis for water resource management and mitigation of water scarcity in the context of climate change.

Can China achieve its water use peaking in 2030? A scenario analysis based on LMDI and Monte Carlo method

There is a severe conflict between water resource exploitation and protection of the aquatic environment of lakes with rapid urbanization. Sustainable water resource utilization is urgent for sustainable development. The present study introduced a progressive operational scenario analysis (POSA) method for water resource regulation in lake basins. The application processes of POSA in Dianchi Lake, Erhai Lake and Fuxian Lake were described in detail. The effectiveness of the POSA method and scenario analysis method in achieving sustainable water resource utilization were compared and analysed, and the improvement in the efficiency of water resource utilization in lake basins due to the two methods was discussed. The results showed that implementation of POSA can effectively achieve sustainable water resource utilization in Dianchi Lake, Erhai Lake and Fuxian Lake and reduce the aquatic environmental pressure. Compared with business-as-usual, this method reduced the water use efficiency indicators of Dianchi Lake, Erhai Lake and Fuxian Lake by 2%–8%, 1%–25% and 8%–35%, respectively, and the water environmental pressure in Dianchi Lake, Erhai Lake and Fuxian Lake decreased by 28.51%, 29.70% and 69.39%, respectively. POSA has been proven to be an excellent tool for managing the aquatic environments and regulating water resources in lake basins.

Assessing and managing water use is crucial for supporting sustainable river basin management and regional development. The first consistent and comprehensive assessment of sectorial water use in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) is presented by analysing homogenized annual water use data from 2000 to 2010 in relation to socio economic statistics for the same period. An abstraction of water use, using the concept of water use intensity, and based on equations inspired by those used in global water resource models, is developed to explore the driving forces underlying water use changes in domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors. We do this at both the level of the region as a whole, as well as for the nine cities that constitute the PRD separately. We find that, despite strong population and economic growth, the PRD managed to stabilize its absolute water use by significant improvements in industrial water use intensities, and early stabilisation of domestic water use intensities. Results reveal large internal differentiation of sectorial water use among the cities in this region, with industrial water use intensity varying from -80 to +95% and domestic water use intensity by +/- 30% compared to the PRD average. In general, per capita water use is highest in the cities that industrialised first. Yet, all cities except Guangzhou are expected to approach a saturation value of per capita water use much below what is suggested in recent global studies. Therefore, existing global assessments probably have overestimated future domestic water use in developing countries. Although scarce and uncertain input data and model limitations lead to a high level of uncertainty, the presented conceptualization of water use is useful in exploring the underlying driving forces of water use trends.

System dynamics model of sustainable water resources management using the Nexus Water-Food-Energy approach

根据2003年至2014年景德镇市农业、工业、生活、生态环境等行业的用水量资料，分析景德镇市近12年来行业用水的变化发展，结合SPSS统计软件对引起行业用水变化的主要驱动力因子进行分析和说明。结果表明：景德镇市的水资源利用以农业用水为主，占用水总量的50.6%，工业用水占用水总量的34.5%，比重相对较大，生活用水和生态环境用水所占用水总量的比重较小，分别为13.9%和1.0%；景德镇市用水总量基本稳定，无整体上升或下降趋势，农业用水量及其所占用水总量的比重呈现整体上升的趋势，工业用水量及其所占用水总量的比重呈现出先上升而后下降的趋势，生活用水量及其所占用水总量的比重近10年来呈现逐年攀升的趋势，生态环境用水量及其所占用水总量的比重呈现略微上升的态势；因子分析的结果显示人口因素、经济发展因素和农田灌溉因素是景德镇市行业用水演变的主要驱动力。 According to the agricultural, industrial, life, public and ecological environment water use data of Jing-dezhen city from 2003 to 2014, the paper analyzes the change of water use in various industries in Jing-dezhen city during the last 12 years, and analyzes and explains the main driving factors of the develop-ment of water use in various industries by using SPSS statistical software. The results show that the water resources utilization in Jingdezhen city is mainly agricultural water use, which accounts for 50.6% of the total amount; the proportion of industrial water use is relatively larger, which accounts for 34.5% of the total amount; the proportion of water used for life, public and ecological environment is small, which accounts for 13.9% and 1.0% of the total amount. The total amount of water use in Jingdezhen is basically stable, and there is no overall rise or fall, agricultural water use, water use of the ecological environment are showing an overall upward trend and the proportion of total water use in agriculture and ecological environment is also increasing; industrial water use and its proportion of the total water use showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing trend; water use for life and public and their proportion of the total water use in the past 10 years has been rising year by year. Factor analysis results show that the main driving force of the development of water use in various industries in Jingdezhen city is the population, economic development and farmland irrigation.

Over the past decades, controversial and conflict-laden water allocation issues among competing domestic, industrial and agricultural water use as well as urban environmental flows have raised increasing concerns (Huang & Chang, 2003); Particularly, Such competition has been exacerbated by the growing population, rapidly economic growth, deteriorating quality of water resources, and shrinking water availability due to a number of natural and human-induced impacts. A sounding strategy for water resources allocation and management can help to reduce or avoid the losses which are caused by water resources scarcity. However, in the water management system, many components and their interactions are uncertain. Such uncertainties could be multiplied not only by fasting changes of socioeconomic boundary conditions but also by unpredictable extreme weather events which caused by climate change. Thus, water resources management should be able to deal with all challenges above. Therefore, an effective integrated approach is desired for urban water adaptive management. Many methods, such as stochastic, fuzzy, and interval-parameter programming techniques, have been employed to counteract uncertainties in different fields of water management and have made great progresses in managing uncertainties in model scale. Water resource is an integral part of the socio-economic-environmental (SEE) system, which is a complex system dominated by human. In order to reach a sounding decision, it is necessary for decision-makers to obtain a better understanding of the significant factors that shape the urban and the way the water resources system reacting to certain policy. Therefore, study of sustainable water resource management should be based on general system theory that addresses dynamic interactions amongst the related social-economic, environmental, and institutional factors as well as non-linearity and multi-loop feedbacks. System dynamics (SD) aims at solving of complex systems problems by simulating development trends of the system and identifying the interrelations of each factor in the system. This will help to explore the hidden mechanism and thus improve the performance of the whole system. Hence, after proposed by W. Forrester (Forrester, 1968), SD model has been widely used in global, national, and regional scales for sustainability assessment and system development programme (Meadows 1973; Mashayekhi, 1990; Saeed, 1994). Due to

ABSTRACT: The paper outlines both the methods used and the results obtained in a study of the demand for municipal and industrial water for the Seattle region. The study was made as part of a regional water management study program, one objective of which is to “… identify, quantify, and set priorities for all current and future water uses …”. A basic concept in the study of municipal and industrial water use is that the demand for water is derived from the demand for output and the direct services that water provides. Principal characteristics of the study are: (1) Water use is studied by type ‐ residential, commercial, industrial and public ‐with identification of factors affecting each; (2) Water demands are studied by season as well as on an annual basis; (3) Projections of future water use are tied directly to projections of economic change in the service area; and (4) The effects of alternative policies on water use are estimated. Water use levels are projected under alternative regional growth assumptions provided by the Puget Sound Governmental Conference, a regional planning agency. Thus, the water use planning is consistent with other regional planning programs in this respect. The results can be varied according to changes in specific factors affecting water use. The factors considered in the present study include: single‐family residential lot size, distribution of population between single‐ and multi‐family units, per capita water use by multi‐family unit residents, and industrial and commercial water use per employee. An income elasticity of demand was estimated for single‐family residential water use.

Quantifying the available and useable water is critical work in any water resource study and design project. However, it is challenging to provide a robust and accurate estimation of water use and distribution for better water resource management and planning. This study aims to estimate the water use by different sectors, including water supply and irrigation sectors, by adopting estimated demand and supply water quantity. The current total population of the subbasin has been estimated to be 1.21 million. Thus, in the subbasin, current water use is estimated as follows: domestic and nondomestic water use in the rural area is 3.5 Mm3/year and 0.174 Mm3/year, respectively. The domestic water use of the towns is 12.77 Mm3/year. The industrial water use of the urban areas is 21.2 Mm3/year, whereas the commercial, public, and institutional water use are 1.87 Mm3/year. The real loss for all the water supply uses is 7.8 Mm3/year. Thus, the total current water supply uses are about 47.225 Mm3/year. From the existing irrigation schemes, about 10,254.8 ha areas are irrigated by both smallholders and different investors, growing vegetables, cereals, and fruit trees. The annual irrigation water requirements of these schemes are computed to be 151.55 Mm3. Livestock water demand of the subbasin was assessed and estimated based on the population and consumption rates of the species. Currently, the subbasin has a total livestock population of 1,527,835, and the water demand of which is estimated at 5.3 Mm3 per annum. Hence, the total current water use estimate of the subbasin is 204.1 Mm3.

A review on the indicator water footprint for the EU28

The notion of a ‘Water-saving society’ may help China achieve sustainable development and high-quality development. In this paper, the concept of water resources development and utilization level is discussed from the perspective of a water-saving society, and an evaluation index system including 33 indicators is constructed. This paper takes the evaluation of water resources development and utilization level of Jingyu County from 2009 to 2018 as an example to verify the rationality of the indicator system of this study. Additionally, by changing the sensitivity analysis method of indicator weights, the indicators with greater influence on the evaluation results are screened to reduce the uncertainty of too many indicators and low correlation. The results show that the evaluation value of water resources development and utilization level in Jingyu County from 2009 to 2018 was improved from V to II, and the improvement of industrial and domestic water use efficiency and effectiveness improved the water resource problems in the study area. Sensitivity analysis showed that the sensitivity parameters are the degree of water resources development and utilization (8.7%), water consumption per CNY 10,000 of industrial value added (11.2%), water consumption per CNY 10,000 of GDP (9.3%), leakage rate of the urban water supply network (8.4%), per capita water resources (10.1%), per capita COD emissions (9.3%) and urbanization rate (8.2%).

This study aims to analyze the current situation of water resource management in Shaanxi Province, study the basic principles of ecological compensation, evaluate the impact of water conservation projects on the ecological environment by establishing a model, and propose a sustainable water resource management model. Hanzhong City has certain typicality and representativeness within Shaanxi Province, and the problems it faces in water resource management and ecological environment may represent the entire province or similar regions. At the same time, Hanzhong City has rich data and research foundations. Therefore, by conducting a detailed analysis of the current water resource status in the Hanzhong City area of Shaanxi Province, the problems in current water resource management are revealed, and the basic principles of ecological compensation are intensely studied. The original ecological compensation plan in Shaanxi Province has been summarized. Guided by the concept of sustainable development, an ecological compensation model is established using algorithms, and the model is applied to sustainable water resource management. Establish a model for water conservation and water resource management through data collection, preprocessing, and cleaning, and apply it to practical cases in Hanzhong City. Through simulation and analysis of Hanzhong City, the new water resource management model effectively mitigates the adverse effects of water conservation projects on the ecological environment while improving water resource utilization efficiency. The changes in various environmental parameters indicate that the new plan has improved the ecological environment. Through the application of the model, the ecological compensation plan formulated has achieved sustainable protection of the ecological environment while promoting economic development. This study proposes a sustainable water resource management model through a comprehensive study of water resource management and ecological compensation in Shaanxi Province and verifies it in practical cases, demonstrating that the model has not only good applicability but also has significant effects in promoting economic growth and ecological environment protection.