A Divided Provincial Town: The Development from Ethnic to Class Segmentation in Kupang, West Timor

Despite repeated attempts to integrate competing perspectives (Szelenyi and Kostello 1996; Nee and Matthews 1996), the ongoing market transition debate has shown no signs of resolution. Instead, the 1996 AJS market transition symposium seems to have created more controversy than it settled (Nee 1996; Xie and Hannum 1996; Oberschall 1996; Parish and Michelson 1996; Walder 1996; Fligstein 1996; Szelenyi and Kostello 1996). And subsequent studies continue to reach nearly opposite conclusions (cf. Bian and Logan 1996; Gerber and Hout 1998; with Brainerd 1998; Nee and Cao, in press). When arguments become polarized, it often signals that divisions are falsely drawn (Bates 1997). Although originally made in another context, this observation is applicable here. As principals in this lively debate, we believe that clarification and reevaluation are essential for moving toward a reconciliation of competing viewpoints. In this comment we therefore identify the central issues in the controversy and provide an overall assessment of existing empirical evidence

The articles published in this issue of the Journal help advance the debate on market reform in former socialist states. In our comment, besides dealing with data analysis issues, we suggest several ways to improve the level of debate about substantive issues. These suggestions include more attention to politics, including path dependence, and more attention to middle-level generalizations from other developing market societies.

Spatial Implications of The Journey To School: A Review And Case Study

Summary. A number of field experiments were undertaken in eastern Indonesia with the aim of improving rice production in this semi-arid region. The objectives of these studies were to examine the effects of irrigation method (raised beds under saturated soil culture v. flooded system), irrigation frequency (daily v. twice weekly) and genotype (traditional v. improved) on rice yield and components of yield, and to examine the response of rice growth on raised beds to sowing time and nitrogen fertilisation. Recent studies in northern Australia have demonstrated that rice can successfully be grown under saturated soil culture. In the Australian studies, grain yield and quality were maintained, yet saturated soil culture used 32% less water than the flooded control in both wet and dry seasons. Higher efficiencies of water use for rice production with saturated soil culture in semi-arid tropical Australia suggest that similar benefits may be realised with this method of irrigation in West Timor. The experiments in West Timor were undertaken within a low-external-input system, and all experiments were affected by drought. The central issue is one of aligning crop growth with water availability to ensure adequate quantity and quality of grain production at the end of the season. On this basis, a number of practical strategies for improving rice production under water-limited conditions in West Timor are suggested. First, time of sowing in the wet season is important, with early-sown crops escaping end-of-season drought. Significantly, the improved genotype (cv. Lemont) was only able to fill its grain adequately if sown early in the wet season, thereby avoiding drought during grain filling. Second, providing soils are sufficiently deep, rice can successfully be grown under saturated soil culture in West Timor. Importantly, preparation of raised beds before the wet season enables rice crops to be sown early, maximising the use of rainfall for crop production. Twice weekly irrigation of rice on beds was found to be more efficient than irrigating daily or flooding the bays. Third, no differences in grain yield were found between the improved short-statured genotype (cv. Lemont) and the taller traditional genotype under the low-external-input system, although differences in components of yield were observed in the wet and dry seasons. There is some evidence that the traditional genotype filled grain better when water was limiting during grain growth by restricting vegetative production and enabling the crop to finish.

A targeted investigation to demonstrate the freedom of West Timor from HPAI H5N1

Twists, turns and trade: A new look at the Indian Screw tree (Helicteres isora)

The authors consider two hypotheses for crowding at the lower-secondary level and the reversal in intergenerational mobility: 1) the economic crisis of the 1980s and 2) institutional barriers to the continued expansion of schooling. Though the crisis appears to have played a role we find evidence that institutional barriers are also important. The existence of these barriers is problematic for the long-term prospects of educational expansion because it suggests a deep-rooted limit of the system and not just a temporary setback. This article proceeds as follows. Section II discusses the links between schooling inequality intergenerational mobility in schooling and income inequality. Section III describes the data and provides an overview of educational expansion over the past 47 years. Section IV establishes trends in intergenerational schooling mobility. Section V ponders the causes and implications of the recent slowdown in schooling mobility and Section VI concludes. (excerpt modified)

Residential density change: Densification and urban expansion

The urban district of Utsunomiya has been remarkably enlarged since Meiji Era. First, military sites in Meiji Era contributed to the expansion in the western and the northwestern parts of Utsunomiya. Then, the southern and the eastern parts were rapidly built up by the establihsment of large munition factories built during the World War II. More urbanization was seen in the southern than in the eastern part because of larger factories in the former. Thirdly, since 1960, the development of industrial areas and residential areas, as well as the construction of small and medium size factories in the suburbs have worked together for the expansion of Utsunomiya.The first and the second steps of urbanization took place on Takaragi Terrace which extends from the north to the south in the suburbs of Utsunomiya. The third step, especially shows us a good exmaple of a close relation between the city development and landforms.Generally speaking, urban districts are slow to expand into alluvial lowlands. There are river terraces formed by several rivers flowing to the south in the sububrbs of Utsunomiya. Remakrable urbanization is seen on the terraces to the east and the north of Utsunomiya. Large factor sites accompanied with residential areas will result in the urbainization of the eastern part in near future.Some people consider that the industrial development of Utsunomiya is nothing but the outer margin of Keihin Industrial District. The development of residential areas in Utsunomiya, however, can hardly be regarded to characterize this city as a residential satellite of Tokyo.

This paper analyses the utilization of primary health care by a population of whom 28% were not born in Sweden. The study emphasizes the impact of demography, housing and economic factors on the structure of the residential area. Households with meagre financial resources, large families and most of the immigrant population were tenants in multiple‐occupancy blocks. Further, when demographic development was analysed over a decade, high turnover and a low median age were found in 2 of the multiple‐occupancy areas, indicating social instability. The study revealed a process of both socioeconomic and ethnic segmentation (non‐spatial segregation in a residential area). The age‐ and sex‐standardized relative risks (RR) showed that the population in subareas consisting of multiple‐occupancy housing in socially unstable areas also had an increased risk of having to visit primary health care. There were no differences in the number of visits to primary health care between people born in Sweden and those born outside Sweden (relative risk (RR) = 1.09,95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.90–1.30), but those born outside Sweden more often made visits that lasted longer than 30 minutes (odds ratio (OR) = 3.75, 95% CI = 2.09–6.71).

Goat husbandry in West Timor, Indonesia

Analysis of pig movements across eastern Indonesia, 2009–2010

The impacts of the Indonesian government subsidized rice program, RASKIN, were assessed in two rural villages in West Timor, eastern Indonesia, where traditionally the staple food is maize. The RASKIN program aims to make subsidized rice available to poor households, the allocation estimated to be a third of household requirements. All of the households interviewed bought subsidized rice when it was first available in this area in 2005, however about 30 % of households did not buy subsidized rice again, mainly because of a preference for maize over rice. Of the households that continued to buy subsidized rice, about half did not have enough cash to buy subsidized rice frequently, suggesting a targeting error of failure to benefit poor households. Households that bought subsidized rice consumed the rice with instant noodles and fewer nuts and beans (traditionally grown and eaten with maize), leading to a potentially lower nutrition intake. The practices of households selling their own produce, such as maize, beans and chickens, to purchase subsidized rice may constitute perverse outcomes, including future food shortages.

The construction of National tourism strategic area (KSPN) Prambanan - Kalasan is planned to begin in 2016 through the Master Plan and Detail Plan of KSPN Prambanan - Kalasan and its surroundings for the 2016 fiscal year. The development of tourist areas can have an impact on increasing the land value around tourist areas, and also cause the development of residential areas. Therefore, this research was conducted to analysis changes in land values around the KSPN development and also analysis changes in residential areas and the suitability of residential areas for land values in Prambanan and Kalasan Districts. The results of the suitability of residential areas were then superimposed on the analysis with the RDTR of Prambanan and Kalasan Regencies. The results show that in 2017-2024 there was an increase in residential land area by 67 hectares in Prambanan District and 73 hectares in Kalasan Regency and the highest significant increase in land value was in zone 50, namely Jl. Raya Solo-Yogyakarta for IDR. 6,597,200 and the lowest increase in land value was in zone 49 amounting to IDR. 158,500 to the north of Tamanmartani Village, Kalasan District. The relatively small increase in residential area in the highest land value zone and a large increase in residential area in the lowest land value zone. The suitability of the dominant residential area is very suitable in the highest land value zone and the suitability of the dominant residential area is less suitable in the lowest land value zone.

Women are frequent targets of violence in the night-time city. This can cause a fear of night and of urban space and can also affect mobility: women may avoid spaces perceived to be dangerous and may be drawn to other spaces thought to be safe. This fear can also impact individuals on a behavioural level, such as changing one’s appearance in order to seem less attractive in an attempt to avoid being a target of violence. This case study explores the issue of urban violence by asking the following question: does sexual orientation influence women’s spatial mobility, motivated by fear, in the built urban environment at night? Research was carried out in downtown Toronto, a city with a prosperous night-time economy and well-known issues of safety. A sample of ten women, five straight and five gay, were selected, with as much homogeneity among respondents as possible in terms of ethnicity, age, social class, area of residence, familiarity with the built environment, and primary method of transportation, in order to identify the influence of sexual identity and fear on mobility. The study reveals a variety of types and sources of fear, mobility patterns, and coping mechanisms among respondents, and suggests that a masculine built urban environment does not address women’s needs. Lesbian women are an intriguing, and often overlooked, group to study as they are the victims of much hate crime. In addition to fearing rape by a male figure, they also carry the burden of fear of homophobic crime.