Abstract
14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (deAND), a diterpenoid in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, acts as a bioactive phytonutrient that can treat many diseases. To investigate the protective effects of deAND on reducing fatty liver disease, male mice were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet without or with 0.05% and 0.1% deAND supplementation. Cholesterol accumulation, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities in liver and liver injury were evaluated after deAND treatment. The results show that deAND treatment for seven weeks reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase activity and lowered hepatic cholesterol accumulation, tumor nuclear factor-α, and histological lesions. The 0.1% deAND treatment reduced HFHC diet-induced apoptosis by lowering the caspase 3/pro-caspase 3 ratio. After 11 weeks of deAND treatment, increased NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), capase-1, and interleukin-1β protein levels in liver were suppressed by deAND treatment. In addition, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNA expression, heme oxygenase-1 protein expression, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were increased in mice fed the HFHC diet. However, those activities of antioxidant enzymes or proteins were also upregulated by 0.1% deAND treatment. Furthermore, deAND treatment tended to lower hepatic lipid peroxides. Finally, deAND treatment reversed the depletion of hepatic glutamate level induced by the HFHC diet. These results indicate that deAND may ameliorate HFHC diet-induced steatohepatitis and liver injury by increasing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
Highlights
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, encompassing a range of illnesses, from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet develop hypercholesterolemia and accumulate cholesterol in the liver without the occurrence of obesity and insulin resistance [3,6,7]. This animal model may still be controversial for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), it can be used as an experimental model for evaluating the testing compound on steatohepatitis and liver damage
Plasma Biochemical Parameters In Experiment 1, mice fed the HFHC diet increased (p < 0.05) plasma total cholesterol concentration when compared with the low-fat control group (Table 3)
Summary
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, encompassing a range of illnesses, from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mice fed a HFHC diet develop hypercholesterolemia and accumulate cholesterol in the liver without the occurrence of obesity and insulin resistance [3,6,7]. This animal model may still be controversial for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), it can be used as an experimental model for evaluating the testing compound on steatohepatitis and liver damage. Mice fed a HFHC diet for six weeks showed increased hepatic cholesterol accumulation, NOD-like receptor protein 3
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