A Discussion of Current Risk and Future Reward: An Ethnography of UK Developer-Funded Urban Archaeology and its 21st Century Construction Industry Context

Public engagement is a significant feature of twenty-first-century archaeological practice. While more diverse audiences are connecting with the discipline in a multitude of ways, public perceptions of archaeology are still marred by stereotypes. Community excavations of ‘sites’ to discover ‘treasures’ which tell us about the ‘past’ overshadow other forms of public research output and hinder the potential of the discipline to contribute to contemporary society more widely. This paper proposes participatory augering as an active public engagement method that challenges assumptions about the nature of archaeological practice by focusing on interpretation at a landscape-scale. Through exploration of recent participatory augering research by the REFIT Project and Environmental Archaeologist Mike Allen, this paper demonstrates how the public can contribute to active archaeological research by exploring narratives of landscape change. Evaluation of the existing case studies reflects the potential of the approach to engage audiences with new archaeological methods and narratives which have the potential to transform perceptions of the discipline and, through knowledge exchange, drive community-led contributions to contemporary landscape management.

This article began life as a paper in the session ‘Opening Doors for Archaeologists: Making Malta Work’ at the 2006 EAA Annual Meeting in Kracow, Poland. It explores the background of the European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Revised), also known as the Valletta Convention or the Convention of Malta. The article examines some of the major issues that were discussed and describes the drafting process of the Convention from the author's personal perspective as one of the members of the committee responsible. It concludes with a brief consideration of some subsequent developments and a plea for a more active role for the EAA at Strasbourg and Brussels.

The debates on archaeological heritage research, preservation and management have increased in recent years due to the impact of European standards such as Council of Europe Conventions and the European Union (EU) integration process (for example Coles and Olivier, 2001; Fairclough and Rippon, 2002; Pickard, 2002; Cleere, 2005; Willems and van den Dries, 2007; Kristiansen, 2008; Bloemers et al., 2010; Council of Europe, 2011). The Valletta Convention (the revised European Convention on the Protection of Archaeological Heritage, 1992), the International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Charter for the Protection and Management of the Archaeological Heritage (1990) and The Valletta Principles for the Safeguarding and Management of Historic Cities, Towns and Urban Areas (2011) are playing important roles in this process of archaeological heritage preservation activities. The consolidated version of the Lisbon Treaty also makes cultural heritage an issue for the EU member states; ‘… It shall respect its rich cultural and linguistic diversity, and shall ensure that Europe’s cultural heritage is safeguarded and enhanced’ (Article 3.3), and there is also the Council Directive 93/7/EEC on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State.KeywordsEuropean UnionCultural HeritageCultural GoodCultural ObjectIllegal TradeThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Where the Girls Are:The Management of Venereal Disease by United States Military Forces in Vietnam Sue Sun (bio) Introduction Military health-education films form an intriguing branch of cinema from the standpoint of ideology critique. Inasmuch as they serve military purposes, assisting in the constitution of dependable soldier-subjects (i.e., subjects of the United States military), they are produced and received as unabashed works of propaganda. On the other hand, as films serving purposes of health education, they are yoked to the imperatives of a certain realism, a communication of medical knowledge regarding actual conditions in the field that soldier-viewers can put into effective practice. This contradiction, and the special pressures it exerts on cinematic form, manifest especially graphically in the military sex-education materials of the Vietnam period. Where the Girls Are—VD in Southeast Asia (hereinafter referred to as Girls) was commissioned as a basic sexual-education film just as United States involvement in Vietnam was deepening.1 Completed as the American military presence reached its height in Southeast Asia, it was first shown to overseas air force personnel and shortly thereafter adopted by the United States Army as well. The film served as an important introduction for new recruits to the culture of Vietnam and was intended to provide realistic medical information for troops on the ground. However, it also demonstrates the mixed impulses at work in the armed forces' efforts to control soldiers' sexual behavior. Its complicated production history and uneven cinematic form provide evidence of the larger mission involved in the making of the ideal American soldier. The film emphasizes a message of psychological and [End Page 66] physical prophylaxis combined with a stereotypical portrayal of Vietnamese women as promiscuous and sexually available. It proceeds on the basis of numerous formulaic categorizations, most of which reinforced the unequal social and economic power relations between American men and Vietnamese women. Susan Jeffords, in a study of masculinization and representation of the Vietnam War, argues that "an important way to read the war, perhaps the most significant way when we think about war itself, is as a construction of gendered interests." In her discussion, Jeffords points out that "patterns of power relations established in the domination of men over women are employed to set systems of dominance over other groups as well."2 In the history of Western cinema, visual techniques have proven a durable means of constructing gendered patterns of dominance. In Girls, the male soldier's dominance over an invented version of Vietnam is emphasized by a cinematic vocabulary that reinforces the centrality of the visiting soldier over the exotic and feminized world he encounters. This willfully disconnected fantasy of visual consumption reinscribes traditional gender relations in an international context. The power of these scenes draws upon a long history of cinematic reification of a passive and sexualized female body.3 Relying on these familiar patterns, Girls reenacts the customary power structure of traditional gender relations in Western cinema within the context of Vietnam. This essay examines the effects of this ideological backdrop on the deployment of sexual-health policy. As in other wars, military efforts to address sexually transmitted disease during the Vietnam War were complicated by overlapping and competing interests aimed at enforcing a certain visual and psychological stereotype of American masculinity and soldiery. What makes Girls unique is its contemporary setting in the international and interracial context of Vietnam in the early 1970s, which is exploited to dramatic effect throughout the film. The particular anxieties associated with America's long and frustrating history of military involvement in Vietnam are transmitted, in part, through a strategy of prophylactic venereal-disease management based on instilling fear of Vietnam—and Vietnamese women—in the minds of American soldiers. Addressing VD Although the official policy of the United States Department of Defense has always been "to suppress prostitution whenever possible," [End Page 67] by the time of the Vietnam War, sexual adventure with foreign women was regarded by most military leaders as an inevitable part of the modern military experience.4 The 1960s saw a general relaxation of American societal mores governing sexuality, with concomitant effects on the attitude of the personnel who...

The special edition of the national professional scientific and practical legal magazine “The Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine” was published, which contains reports delivered at the online conference "Ensuring the unity of judicial practise: the legal positions of the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court and standards of the Council of Europe", held on the occasion of the third anniversary of the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court. time of thematic sessions and webinars for judges of each of the courts of cassation in the Supreme Court, as well as joint sessions for judges of different jurisdictions at the end of 2020. The National School of Judges of Ukraine held these events together with the Supreme Court and in synergy with the Council of Europe projects "Support to Judicial Reform in Ukraine", "Further Support for Ukraine's Implementation in the Context of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights", USAID New Justice Program, OSCE Project Coordinator in Ukraine. These are projects that support various aspects of judicial reform in Ukraine, compliance with Council of Europe standards and recommendations, offering best practices from member states to help make priorities in the national reform process. The conference and training events were attended by more than 550 participants - judges of the Supreme Court, other courts, leading Ukrainian and foreign experts, representatives of the legal community. Trainers and all structural subdivisions of the National School of Judges of Ukraine were involved, the training activities of which were identified by the CCEJ in one of its conclusions as one of the important tools to ensure the unity of judicial practice. Programs of activities included reports on the role of the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court in ensuring the unity of judicial practice and the impact on the legal system; unity of judicial practice in the context of standards - improving access to justice in Ukraine: removing procedural obstacles and ensuring the right to an impartial court, approaches to identifying cases of minor complexity and cases of significant public interest or exceptional importance for a party in the context of access to court of cassation: practice the supreme courts of the member states of the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights; key positions of the Supreme Court - application of the provisions of the procedural codes on the grounds for transferring the case to the Chamber, the joint chamber or the Supreme Court, the impact of its decisions on legislative activity, ensuring the specialization of courts and judges, the practice of the Supreme Court of the Supreme Court on administrative cases, the practice of considering cases of disciplinary liability of judges, conclusions on the rules of criminal law, review of court decisions in criminal proceedings in exceptional circumstances; the impact of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on the case law of national courts and the justification of court decisions and the "balance of rights" in civil cases in its practice, the development of the doctrine of human rights protection; ECtHR standards on evidence and the burden of proof, the conclusions of the CCEJ and their reflection in judicial practice; judicial rule-making in the activities of European courts of cassation, etc. The issues raised are analyzed in the Ukrainian and international contexts from report to report, which, we hope, will be appreciated by every lawyer - both practitioners and theorists. As well as the fact that the depth of disclosure of each of the topics through the practice of application serves the development of law and contributes to the formation of the unity of judicial practice of the Supreme Court, the creation of case law is a contribution to rulemaking and lawmaking. The conversion of intellectual discourse into the practice of Ukrainian courts is an important step towards strengthening public confidence in the judiciary. And here the unifying force of the Supreme Court can be especially important, as the Chairman of the Supreme Court Valentyna Danishevska rightly remarked, speaking about the expectations of the society.

The key factor in maintaining a moratorium on the death penalty in Russia is its membership in the Council of Europe, which requires compliance with the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the abolition of the death penalty. One of the proponents of maintaining Russia’s adherence to the Convention is the Russian Constitutional Court. However, the return of the death penalty as a capital punishment finds some support in Russia. Therefore, the Constitutional Court has to maintain a balance between two forces: internal pressure from public opinion and a number of conservative government representatives, and fidelity to the fundamental principles of the Russian Constitution and international law, backed up by international obligations undertaken by Russia. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze contradictions among the priorities of the Russian Constitutional Court in its implementation of foreign and domestic legal policy through a political and legal analysis of its argumentation regarding the abolition of the death penalty. In turn, full-fledged analysis of the Court’s argument is possible only by taking into account the domestic and international contexts. The article is structured as follows: firstly, it examines the evolution of the question of the abolition of the death penalty in Russia and the main decisions of the Russian Constitutional Court related to the introduction and maintenance of a moratorium on the death penalty. Secondly, it examines the domestic context of decisions taken by the Court from the perspective of key actors (the professional community, government officials, public opinion). Thirdly, it considers the international context of decision-making (the development of relations between Russia and the Council of Europe, the Russian Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights, as well as foreign experience with the issue of abolition of the death penalty). In conclusion, the article analyzes the main arguments of the Russian Constitutional Court to justify the need to abolish the death penalty and discusses the role of the Constitutional Court in resolving the death penalty issue.

Nowadays, the traditional roles and specialisms of the different disciplines of professionals such as architects, engineers and surveyors in construction industry are becoming less clear-cut. The concept of educating separate disciplines of construction professional may not be apt any more in the so-called practice system. With the unique socio-economic legacy in China, professional practice and qualifying system in the construction industry is rather different in comparison with the international context. This uniqueness creates an ideal opportunity for China to look for its own new model of training and development of construction professionals instead of merely copying the mode. Based on a survey carried out in Hong Kong, this paper aims to investigate the phenomenon of disintegrating professional boundaries in the practice system which serves as a reflection on the development of construction professionals in China. The investigation shows that construction professionals should critically re-examine their professional skills in their traditional domains. Multi-disciplinary and integrative-professional approach in the curricula of education is called for in the practice. The traditional education curriculum may not be sustainable in today's construction industry. At this juncture, China can make use of the opportunity to establish a new model for itself.

In the 21st century, where modern technologies are developed at an expeditious rate, the construction industry has survived over centuries, despite its slow rate of innovative adaptations, the poor performance of professionals, excess number of qualification holders, and vastly reported skill shortage. Technological advancement is the catalyst to solve these issues attaching extreme significance to transform the role of professionals in line with industrialisation, digitalisation and globalisation. Herein, Quantity Surveying (QS) is a key profession in the construction industry that contributes to the cost management aspect of a construction project. With the technological advancements in the industry, identifying the adaptability of QSs to 21st-century technologies and recognizing the nature of their emerging job role that may reshape the traditional role has become a pressing issue that needs to be addressed immediately. Thus, this paper investigates the potential impact of such advancements on QS employment patterns, underscoring the need for professionals to align with the shifting paradigms of digitalization. Utilizing a qualitative research approach, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten expert QS practitioners from various international contexts. This method enabled the exploration of current states, expected competencies, and the professional evolution of QSs amidst technological disruptions. The findings suggest that while core QS functions remain irreplaceable, the profession is poised for significant transformation. This paper concludes with a range of recommendations that ensure the relevance and importance of the profession well into the future. The paper provides the international QS community with a unique data source that should prove valuable for comparative purposes and general discussion about the future of QSs globally and the direction of the profession. Therefore, this research contributes to knowledge by the diversifying QS roles in the construction industry with significant competencies encountered while addressing adaptability of QSs in the 21st century technology advancements.

In the European context, an understanding that States are responsible for an effective child protection system is well established. Further, all 47 members of the CoE have adopted the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and all European countries have ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Thus, States have come to understand their responsibility in terms of the child’s right to protection. The aim of this article is to explicate core elements of an effective child protection system within a child’s rights framework. This aim is accomplished by highlighting and providing analysis of the principles set forth in the CRC and further elaborated in General Comment No. 13 (2011) and by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the main components of policies and other relevant documents of the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe (CoE), and caselaw from the European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR) and then presenting recommendations for an effective State-run child protection system.

This chapter highlights the Co-operation Group to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs (Pompidou Group). The Pompidou Group is an organisation for inter-governmental co-operation in the area of drug policy, based on a Partial Agreement linked with the Council of Europe (CoE). The Group was initiated in 1971 by the former President of France, Georges Pompidou, as the very first platform in Europe in the field of drug policy, in response to the rising drug problems of the late 1960s and early 1970s, when an increasing use of drugs emerged as a social phenomenon among young people in Europe. From here, this chapter describes the origins and development of the Pompidou Group, before presenting a detailed overview of the organisation. It discusses the Group’s structure and financing, its working methods and tools, its activities and major achievements, its role in the international context, as well as its future prospects.

It is indicated that in order to increase the efficiency of the functioning of the institute of advocacy, ensure transparency and openness of the judicial system, as well as introduce modern information technologies into the sphere of justice, the issues of ensuring a comprehensive approach to the functioning of the unified judicial information and telecommunications system (ESITS) and the verification of their electronic digital signatures arise. The modern development of digital technologies significantly affects the functioning of law enforcement institutions, in particular, the interaction of the advocacy and law enforcement, judicial bodies in the international context. Information technologies open up new opportunities for effective communication, data exchange and coordination of law enforcement measures, which contributes to improving the quality of justice and ensuring compliance with human rights. The article focuses on analyzing the role of digital technologies in the law enforcement process, identifying key aspects of cooperation between the advocacy and law enforcement bodies, as well as assessing the challenges and risks arising from the use of digital tools in legal activities. Particular attention is paid to such technological tools as artificial intelligence, digital platforms for storing and exchanging evidence, electronic document management. The practice of using electronic resources, for example, in national or international criminal cases, as well as mechanisms for legal assistance using online resources, is considered. as well as the introduction of modern information technologies in the field of justice, the issues of ensuring a comprehensive approach to the functioning of a unified judicial information and telecommunications system (JITS) are raised. In addition, the impact of regulatory acts of international organizations, in particular the Council of Europe (CoE), the European Union (EU) and the United Nations (UN), on the development of digital technologies in the field of law enforcement is analyzed. Digital technologies are an important factor in enhancing the effectiveness of cooperation between the legal profession and law enforcement agencies, but their use requires proper regulatory regulation, ensuring the security of personal data and compliance with legal standards of international law.

Despite the ever increasing interest of Academic literature on International taxation, real estate and property taxes have been somehow underestimated till a very recent time in legal scientific research.There are no general principles (world-wide accepted) applicable to taxes levied on property, mainly because the right to property as such is regulated and acknowledged very differently from State to State. In some areas it is considered a quasi-natural right of the individual, while in many other is protected under law only if a social function (on a case by case basis) can be attributed to is as well.But if no general consensus can be found on real estate tax, nonetheless it is possible to find de facto common principles on qualified regional areas: shared rules affecting taxation of property that are established at a level which is beyond the one of the sovereign State and that might influence the latter. Europe is a clear example of this regional approach to real estate taxation.In the old Continent both the EU and the Council of Europe have established clear limits to the power to tax of the States that should be respected while dealing with immovable property taxation. The first and foremost of these limits concerns the level taxation and the need for the application of a tax that should never lead to a deprivation of property. Taxation and expropriation in this respect are two phenomena that risk to have a lot in common when they are directed to real estate.Italy, as a member of the European Union and of the Council of Europe, developed very recently a brand new tax on real estate, and dared to apply it also on immovable properties detained abroad (that is, in other States) by individuals resident in Italy. This decision (taken in the attempt to maximize the flow of revenue in a time of crisis) will ultimately bring Italy to a possible conflict with the taxing powers of the other States, where the asset is placed. An individual resident in Italy, for instance, will be liable to tax therein for a real estate owned in South Korea, even if he is also liable to tax in the Korean peninsula for the same asset. The mechanisms set up to prevent multiple taxation (basically, a foreign tax credit) appears all but adequate to mitigate the newly imposed tax burden, and the tax as such appears to be a serious hinderance to investments in foreign states and ultimately lead to a distorsive affect of capitals allocation.On the long run, the side effects of this decisions are still unpredictable and its consistency with the above mentioned principles concerning real estate taxation all but certain.

R. Chris Davis. <i>Hungarian Religion, Romanian Blood: A Minority’s Struggle for National Belonging, 1920–1945</i>.

Good governance is a legal concept and a cornerstone of the modern state and presented in the book as the third cornerstone of a modern stone (alongside the rule of law and democracy). We concluded in relation to the development of the concept of good governance in part I that principles of good governance can only be legal principles when they have been somehow codified legal effect. The good governance principles became more concrete by enumerating six groups of principles (properness, transparency, participation, effectiveness, accountability, and human rights) which are found in many documents of national, regional, and international context. From the legal theory approach on good governance we discussed the character of these principles. In part II we specified the principles of good governance and starting with the principle of properness, which has also been developed under the name of the principle of natural justice. The second, the principle of transparency, is connected to the principle of participation which both have roots in the concept of democracy. The principles of effectiveness and accountability both have a relationship to the institutional structure and functioning. The last principle is the human rights principle which is linked to the rule of law but also to democracy. Several principles of good governance were already developed in regulations and in codes which are the building blocks for the development of the right to good governance. The implementation of good governance and the comparison between countries were explained in Part III. After that, the regional level was discussed—the European Union and the Council of Europe were chosen as models as far as it was comparable. The last chapter was about the implementation on the international level.

Students participating in mobility experiences need to constantly adapt to new circumstances, not only during the experience itself, but also before leaving and after returning to their home country. They change their lifestyle, get acquainted with other cultural forms and, in some cases, they even change habits and attitudes to adapt to the new host culture. In this scenario, the different sources of support for students are of great added-value, e.g. family, friends, classmates, as well as the receiving institution – higher education institutions (HEIs) in our case. The supporting role of HEIs in the process of sending students abroad could go beyond the administrative dimension of it. A way of doing that is by offering a provision of support services on the acknowledgment and maximisation of their learning process and acquired competences (understood as a combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes – see Boyatzis, 1982; or Council of Europe, 2018) gained during their adaptation to a new international context. In this way, HEIs could increase the impact of such mobility experiences on students’ professional and personal development.