A discursive pragmatic study of emotional blackmail in American movies

Although language research has focused on blackmail in general, less attention has been paid to emotional blackmail. To date, researchers could not locate any literature that examines emotional blackmail from a linguistic standpoint. The current study is intended to fill this gap by scrutinizing emotional blackmail from a pragma-stylistic point of view by examining the style of the characters in selected episodes extracted from the American Breaking Bad series. To carry out the study, an eclectic model comprising kinds of emotional blackmailers by Forward and Frazier (1997), Searles’ speech acts (1979), Grice’s maxims (1975), Brown and Levinson’s politeness (1987), Culpeper’s impoliteness (1996), and Simpson’s stylistic levels (2004) will be used. The study examines how emotional blackmailers reflect themselves through language and how different pragmatic theories contribute to detecting emotional blackmail. The pragma-stylistic analysis reveals that emotional blackmailers use different pragmatic and stylistic elements. Pragmatically, the analysis demonstrates that punishers more frequently utilize commissive speech acts, whereas sufferers more frequently use representative and expressive speech acts. Besides, the punishers’ speech is realized by breaching the quantity and manner maxims whereas the sufferer’s speech is manifested by breaching the quantity and quality maxims. Concerning (im)politeness, the punishing behavior is accomplished by positive politeness, negative impoliteness, bold on-record impoliteness, and positive impoliteness while the suffering behavior is accomplished through positive politeness. Stylistically, the language used to talk about suffering is associated with discomfort and unhappiness. Concerning grammar, the punishing discourse emphasizes threats through fronting strategies. With suffering, negative auxiliaries are used.

Emotional blackmail is generally defined as manipulating others' emotions for personal gain. It is a type of manipulation that damages healthy relationships among people and turns them into toxic relations leaving the victim in a state of depression and under stress of losing something s/he holds dear. This study aims to identify the pragmatic techniques of emotional blackmail used by both blackmailers and victims in "No One Would Tell" (2018). To do so, the researchers developed an eclectic model comprising Forward and Frazier's (1997) emotional blackmail, Searle’s speech acts (1979), Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies (1987), Culpeper’s impoliteness strategies (1996, 2005), and Mayfield's taxonomy of fallacy (2007). A qualitative approach is followed in the analysis of the data by focusing on the pragmatic strategies used in the discourse of emotional blackmailers. The findings of the study show that the type of blackmailer identified is the punisher and the type of victim is the anger-avoider. The analysis also shows that punisher blackmailers tend to be impolite, use directive speech acts, and rely on fallacy strategies to justify their position in their arguments. On the other hand, the victims' speech reflects a high degree of politeness strategies to avoid confrontations with blackmailers. The victims tend to use representative speech acts more commonly without employing impoliteness strategies.

The present study was an investigation of the relationship between the EFL learners’ critical thinking, their frequency, and types of informal fallacy and evidence in argumentative writing. Few studies have been conducted to investigate these issues. To this end, 356-second grade female senior state high school students from four schools in Zanjan were selected through multistage cluster random sampling (MCRS) method and based on Cambridge placement test (2010); 130 students proved to be upper-intermediate and participated in this correlational study. The main data collection stage took place for one month. Then, the informal fallacies based on Johnson's definitions and four types of evidence categorized in Hoeke and Hustinkx were identified and counted within language learners' argumentative writings. The evaluation of the arguments was also conducted based on Walton, Reed, and Macagno. Based on the results achieved from the first research question, there was a significant negative correlation observed between the participants' critical thinking and the frequency of use of informal fallacies in their written argumentation. Based on the results achieved from the second research question, there was a potential and significant correlation between the participants' critical thinking and the frequency of use of informal fallacies. Keywords: Argumentative Writing, Critical Thinking, Evidence, Informal Fallacy.

This study analyses the relationship between clause structures and social construction of the meaning found in verbal speeches. Drawing on Halliday's transitivity system particularly the processes element rooted in Systemic Functional Linguistics, the present study attempts to investigate the distribution of transitivity processes found in viral speech of Greta Thunberg at 2019 United Nation Climate Summit held in New York City. Moreover, through descriptive qualitative analysis, the study aims to reveal the function expressed by the processes found in the speech. To this end, it is found that only five out of six process types namely material, mental, relational, verbal, and behavioral processes found in the speech. Moreover, Thunberg used relational processes, mental processes, and material processes more than verbal processes and behavioral processes. The five processes further serve different functions in the speech. Yet, all of the processes occurred in the speech are generally used to deliver Thunberg’s critics over the world leader’s slow response in handling the climate issue. Besides, the processes also used to convince the audience and people in general to start doing something for the climate. The implication of this research is expected to give the information on how language structure is used by the environmental activist in her agenda to persuade people.

This research aims to (1) Explain the transitivity system in Nadiem Makarim speech, (2) Explains the ideology reflected in the speech text. The main character's speech at this time is frequent used as topic study in study Language. A number of study cross disciplinary appear along development role And definition The proposed transitivity system Halliday is an analytical tool for analyzing linguistic data that has been used by Fairclough in his theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis. Based on the purpose of describing the transitivity system and Nadiem Makarim's speech ideology, this research can be categorized as descriptive research. Research result shows the six processes used by Nadiem Makarim in representing his experience, viz material processes, mental processes, relational processes, verbal processes, behavioral processes (behavioral), existential processes. The process that is often used by Nadiema Makarim is the material process followed by the relational process and mental processes. In expressing his ideas, Nadiem Makarim uses a lot of material processes as well show in principle that more Good Act than only just speak. Nadeim Makarim delivered his speech on National Teacher's Day in 2019. And then continued with Nadiem Makarim's speech at the 2020 HGN in the midst of the pandemic.

This study investigates the ideational metafunction within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), with a specific focus on Michiwichi's short story Friends. This research aims to find out the types of processes that exist in the story. Four types of processes occur, namely material process, mental process, relational process, and verbal process. Language is examined not merely as a means of communication but also as a vehicle for constructing and representing experiential meaning. The analysis employs the transitivity system, which includes material, mental, relational, and verbal processes to explore how experiences are linguistically structured in the narrative. Adopting a descriptive qualitative approach, the research classifies each clause according to its transitivity elements (process, participant, and circumstance). The findings reveal that the text utilizes diverse process types to encode meaning, with material processes being the most prevalent, followed by mental and relational processes. These results demonstrate how linguistic features are deliberately employed to express the characters' emotions, motivations, and social dynamics. The study underscores the relevance of SFL in literary analysis and affirms that even brief fictional works can provide valuable insights for functional linguistic examination.

Many researchers do research on processes in English but it is still limited research on Bahasa Indonesia and its equivalence in English. It is necessary to do research processes in Bahasa Indonesia since it has two different types of clauses: verbal clauses and nonverbal clauses. This paper tries to figure out the processes on Bahasa Indonesia, especially on Bahasa Indonesia tourism promotion texts and its equivalence in English. The aims of the research are to describe the dominant of the processes found in the Bahasa Indonesia tourism promotion texts and to describe the verb used in each type of the processes and its equivalence in English. The research method employed in the research is descriptive method. The data collected are divided into major types of clauses: verbal clauses and nonverbal clauses. The data analyzed are the verbal clauses in Bahasa Indonesia since the verb as the main part of process then compared to its equivalence in English. The result of the research shows there are four types of processes found in both Bahasa Indonesia tourism promotion texts and its equivalence: material, relational, mental, and existential processes. The dominant process found is material processes 51.7%, followed by relational processes 21.9%, mental process 18.5%, and existential process7.9%. The participants involved are: agent and goal (material process), carrier and attribute (relational process), experiencer and phenomenon (mental process), and existent (existential process). The verbs used in material process in Bahasa Indonesia are tenggelam, berkunjung mencari, dipadu, akan menemani, menyajikan, menjanjikan memberikan, menyimpan, menyuguhkan, memanjakan, berlabuh, menutup, melancong, membentuk, memberi, dapat membeli, memecah, dapat memesan, menyediakan, terabaikan, dapat ditempuh, dikirimkan, dilakukan, digunakan while its equivalence in English are set, visit to look for, were combined, will accompany, serve, promise to give, put, serve, spoil, anchor, can close, visit, shape, give, can buy, break, can order, serve, was ignored, can be through, were sent, can be done, is used. The relational process in Bahasa Indonesia are adalah, berasal dari, memiliki, mempunyai, mengandung, bisa menjadi, tampak, menyerupai, merupakan, berada, terletak, berlokasi and its equivalence in English are is, comes from, have, contain, can become, seem, like, become, is, is located. The mental process in Bahasa Indonesia are dapat menikmati, terpukau, melihat, terdengar and its equivalence in English are can enjoy, will be mesmerized, can see, heard. The existential processes in Bahasa Indonesia are ada, terdapat, tersedia, and its equivalence in English is be.

This study investigated pre-service teachers' beliefs about education through the application and analysis of Hollywood films in an undergraduate teacher education course. Hollywood films, as a genre of films, present teachers as lead characters and plots that center on classroom environments, instruction, assessment in relationship to colleagues and parents. As an instructional strategy films bring to life scenarios that can assist pre-service teachers in problematizing a wide range of issues. The study design employed initial and post surveys, class discussion, and worksheets to encourage reflection about issues relative to K-12 education. The research questions guiding the study were: What are pre-service teachers' beliefs about education? What changes may have occurred to pre-service teachers' beliefs about education over the course of a semester? What do pre-service teachers learn about education from watching Hollywood films about teaching? Data is presented through descriptive statistics and a narrative response analysis of survey data. Findings suggest watching and discussing teacher films supported that respondents demonstrated deeper awareness and a more complex understanding of teacher roles and responsibilities. Limitations of the study and recommendations for film pedagogy within teacher education courses are addressed.

Language cannot be understood one at a time without considering contextual information about the current circumstances and culture. As a result, language can only be understood when individuals comprehend the circumstance and culture. This study aimed at identifying the process types that characterize the students' narrative texts. This study applied a descriptive qualitative method. The researcher collected the data from narrative texts. There were 28 students selected to be the subjects of this study. The collected data, presented in sentences and clauses, were analyzed using Halliday's transitivity system. Findings show that the process type that are dominantly used in the students' narrative texts are material, behavioral, intensive attributive, verbal, mental, and existential processes. The material process was the most common process type used because the students' subjects were connected to past figures. The findings in this study of the students' narrative texts demonstrate that the students must use the linguistic elements of a narrative text to give information. The purpose of text types in students' narrative texts is to encourage readers to imagine the words and sentence patterns used in the texts. It may help to minimize misunderstandings about the contents of the narrative text. As a result, while creating a narrative text, the students must employ the proper specific meaning, generic structure, linguistic characteristics, and language elements to stimulate readers' interest in providing necessary information while entertaining them.

Grounded on Halliday's Systemic-Functional Grammar, this study explores the transitivity system in the 2021 Commencement Speech of DepEd Sec. Leonor Briones. It specifically aims to identify the transitivity processes and the dominant process found in the Commencement speech and to analyze the linguistic functions in this transitivity system. Employing an explanatory mixed-method design, the results shows that material, mental, relational, and existential processes are present in the Commencement Speech. Among the four identified transitivity process, the dominant is the material process (65%). Moreover, it is revealed that material processes evident in the Commencement Speech display the speaker’s intention to state facts about achievements in the past and the present in response to the Covid-19 crisis that beset the Philippines, to inspire Filipino learners and teachers amidst the challenges of the pandemic, and to acknowledge the critical issue Filipino learners have been facing.

Clause types in Gooniyandi

Political speech is often being a topic of research in linguistic. Some of interdisciplinary studies appeared while the role of the language has developed. They are pragmatics, critical discourse analysis, phsycholingustics, neurolinguistics and sociolinguistics. This research focused on the transitivity system and ideology in Donald Trump Speech Campaign. Transitivity System that stated by Halliday become a tool to analyze the linguistic data which this theory has been used by Fairchlough in his critical discourse analysis. Based on the aims of this research that described transitivity system and ideology of Donald Trump speech campaign, therefore this research called descriptive research. Method of collecting data is method of seeing and noted technique. Technique purposive sampling is used in this research. The result showed that there are six types of process is used by Donald Trump to represent his experience, those are material process, relational process, mental process, verbal process, behavioral process, existential process. Material process is mostly used by Donald Trump followed by relational process and then mental process. To show his ideas, Donald Trump used material process mostly and showed his principal that better do action than only talk. To draw attention of US society and influenced their thought, Donald Trump is often used rasism issue in his speech campaign such as limit the access of immigrant in working and list the muslims US in separated database. Beside that, some of his statements showed that he is a narsistic. He showed his love and proud of himself mostly and he has protectionism in economy.

At any stage of the Cold War, Soviet film culture was inevitably influenced by the political and ideological content of the conflict and by fluctuations in its course. Soviet films represented confrontation with the West with various degrees of directness, dealing with such issues as ideological struggle, espionage, the fear of global hostilities (influenced by traumatic memories of the past world war), and ostentatious or genuine attempts at rapprochement with the other side. Soviet ideologues and commentators from different cultural fields were mobilized to defend Soviet filmmakers and film audiences from possible contamination. Western cinema was condemned as a source and emblem of bourgeois decadence and regarded as a tool of enemy propaganda. Films produced in the United States were the main targets of this condemnation: in stark contrast to the general friendliness which had characterized Soviet attitudes toward American filmmaking during World War II, with the advent of the Cold War they were commonly described as a filthy torrent of slander against humanity produced by Hollywood's conveyor-belts. (1) Against considerable odds, however, during the Cold War American cinema remained an important presence within Soviet culture and generated a significant effect on its Soviet counterpart even during the conflict's most difficult periods, when most American cultural products were rejected as unfit for Soviet consumption. (2) Even in the conditions of growing ideological repression and thorough filtration of anything that was perceived as a product of American capitalism and a tool of imperialist subversion, American films reached the Soviet intelligentsia, as well as common Soviet viewers. The new xenophobic atmosphere (fueled by anti-cosmopolitan witch hunts and courts of honor) did not prevent Soviet filmmakers, who since the earliest days of Soviet cinema had demonstrated enthusiastic interest in American representations of dynamic modernity and American film techniques, from being perceptive observers and processors of America's cinematic achievements. (3) Moreover, in spite of the declared intent to fence out contaminating Western influences, Soviet ideologues paid close attention to the developments in American cinema, sanctioning the use--for very different ideological aims--of stylistic and narrative patterns commonly associated with Hollywood. (4) This article examines certain channels and mechanisms of American cinema's penetration of the Soviet realm at the Cold War's initial and, arguably, most acute stage, the parameters of which were shaped in the last years of Stalin's rule by the most violent official rejection of Western culture. It explores two interrelated issues: patterns of Soviet bureaucratic, intellectual, and popular reception of American films; and U.S. efforts to secure a position in the Soviet film market. The first issue opens another perspective on the two superpowers' ideological and cultural rivalry; the second specifies the problem of cultural influences in a situation when the influencer has to circumvent powerful mechanisms of defense. By demonstrating and explaining diverse responses of Soviet audiences, authorities, and filmmakers to one of the most popular and accomplished products of American culture and one of the most powerful instruments of U.S. cultural policy, I aim to give a more nuanced picture of a period traditionally regarded as one of the lowest points in the relationship between the USSR and the United States. American Films in the USSR during World War II The history of Soviet attitudes toward American cinema in the early course of the Cold War would be incomplete without a look at its reception in the Soviet Union during World War II. (5) First, positive attitudes toward American cinema prevalent at that time provide a dramatic contrast to the mood of the subsequent Cold War. Second, the wartime access to allied countries' films, and the fact that large numbers of foreign movies were obtained as war trophies, profoundly influenced postwar Soviet filmmaking and the general cultural situation in the USSR. …

This study was concerned with the types of transitivity system elements in CNN Online News. The objectives of this descriptive qualitative study were to discover: (1) the types of transitivity system, (2) the realization of transitivity system, and (3) the reasons for transitivity system realized in CNN Online News. The data of this study were clauses that consist of a transitivity system in 10 Covid-19 Online News taken from CNN Online News. The results of the study showed that: 1) CNN Online News realized all the types of process: Material, Mental, Relational, Behavioral, Verbal, and Existential process. The dominant process was Material Process. It was realized 214 (50,47%). CNN Online News realized participants: Actor, Goal, Sayer, Carrier, Attribute, Verbiage, Senser, Phenomenon, Target, Existing, Existence, Behaver, Token, Value, Receiver, Behavior, and Range. Actor and Goal were dominantly realized in the clauses of CNN Online News, there were 167 (26,38%) of Actor and 141 (22,27%) of Goal. The most dominant was Actor, and CNN Online News realized circumstances: Location, Cause, Manner, Accompaniment, Extent, Matter, Angle, and Role. It was realized 193 (60, 50%). The dominant was Location; 2) There were congruent realization and incongruent realization of transitivity system. The most dominant realization was congruent realization; 3) The reason why the types of transitivity system realized in CNN Online News is based on the context of the situation related to the field. Field stand for three entries, namely arena/social activity [+institutionalized/-institutionalized], participant’s characteristics [person/social] and semantic domain [+specialized/-specialized]. The most dominant was arena/social activity, especially [-institutionalized]. Keywords: Metafunction, Transitivity System, Online News, CNN

The current study aims to show how certain linguistic choices made by Hemingway help in emphasizing the themes of war in his novel A Farewell to Arms by applying Halliday’s System of Transitivity. Further, it tries to prove that a linguistic study of literary works may offers much more understanding of texts and contexts as well as intended meanings and ideology of an author. The linguistic analysis of the above mentioned theme in light of the Transitivity System shows that through the use of material and relational processes Hemingway highlights the effect of war on economic, social, and political conditions , offers us a live broadcast of people’s life and the environment surrounding them, asserts his own negative attitude toward war and emphasizes his theme of war. مستخلص اللغويات باعتبارها علم يهتم بتحليل النصوص المکتوبة والمنطوقة وکل ما يتعلق بالوسائل والاختيارات اللغوية التى يقوم بها الکاتب خلال کتابة النص فانه من خلال التحليل اللغوي لتلک الاختيارات يمکن الکشف عن دواخل واهداف الکاتب و ما يوجد خلف تلک النصوص من معان مقصودة او غير مقصودة. تهدف هذه الدراسة الى الکشف عن الوسائل والاختيارات اللغوية التى استخدمها الکاتب ارنست هيمنجواي والتى بدورها اثرت موضوع الحرب فى روايته للسلاح. وذلک باستخدام مبادئ نظرية النحو الوظيفي ، وتسعى هذه الدراسة إلى کشف الجوانب اللفظية والبنيوية والنحوية التى تتسم بها الرواية المختارة ، وتحليلها فى إطار نظرية هاليداي للتعدد اللغوي . ومن خلال التحليل اللغوى ستسعى هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل الأساليب اللغوية التى تناولها هيمنجواي والتى تتصف بالبساطة والجمل القصيرة والتراکيب المبسطة وما تعکسه تلک الاختيارات اللغوية من شخصية الکاتب ، وتأثير الخلفية الاجتماعية والسياسية خلال فترة الحرب العالمية الأولى على کتاباته کما تهدف هذه الدراسة لتطبيق نظرية التعدد فى النحو الوظيفى لـهاليداي على رواية وداعا للسلاح لـلکاتب ارنست هيمنجواي والتي تسعى لإلقاء المزيد من الضوء على العلاقة الوثيقة بين اللغويات کعلم قائم بذاته وبين المحتوى اللغوي للنصوص المکتوبة أو المنطوقة عامة والنصوص الأدبية خاصة . کما أن هذه الدراسة تسعى لکشف العلاقة بين المعنى المقصود للکاتب والترکيبات اللغوية والنحوية المستخدمة للتعبير عن هذه المعانى من خلال التحليل اللغوى للرواية المختارة کمادة للتحليل والدراسة .