Abstract
A $K$ -band slot antenna element with an integrated gallium nitride power amplifier (PA) is presented. It has been optimized through a circuit–electromagnetic codesign methodology to directly match the transistor drain output to its optimal load impedance ( $\mathrm{Z_{opt}} = 17+j46\; \Omega$ ), while accounting for the over-the-air coupling effects in the vicinity of the transition between the PA and antenna. This obviates the need for using a potentially lossy and bandwidth-limiting output impedance-matching network. The measured PA-integrated antenna gain of 15 dBi with a 40% total efficiency at 28 dBm output power agrees well with the theoretically achievable performance targets. The proposed element is compact ( $0.6 \times 0.5 \times 0.3\; \lambda ^3$ ) and, thus, well suited to meet the high-performance demands of future emerging beamforming active antenna array applications.
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