A DIRECT METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE TENSIONS IN BLOOD

ARTICLESNormal arterial blood pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide tensions in unanesthetized dogsE. O. Feigl, and L. G. D'AlecyE. O. Feigl, and L. G. D'AlecyPublished Online:01 Jan 1972https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1972.32.1.-b152MoreSectionsPDF (435 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat "Normal arterial blood pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide tensions in unanesthetized dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology, 32(1), pp. 152–153 Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByArterial blood sampling in male CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice with 1% isoflurane is similar to awake miceAshley M. Loeven, Candace N. Receno, Caitlin M. Cunningham, and Lara R. DeRuisseau14 December 2018 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 125, No. 6 More from this issue > Volume 32Issue 1January 1972Pages 152-153 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1972 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1972.32.1.-b152PubMed5007010History Published online 1 January 1972 Published in print 1 January 1972 Metrics

ARTICLESNormal arterial blood pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide tensions in unanesthetized dogsE. O. Feigl, and L. G. D'AlecyE. O. Feigl, and L. G. D'AlecyPublished Online:01 Jan 1972https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1972.32.1.-a152MoreSectionsPDF (435 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat "Normal arterial blood pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide tensions in unanesthetized dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology, 32(1), pp. 152–153 Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByArterial blood sampling in male CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice with 1% isoflurane is similar to awake miceAshley M. Loeven, Candace N. Receno, Caitlin M. Cunningham, and Lara R. DeRuisseau14 December 2018 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 125, No. 6 More from this issue > Volume 32Issue 1January 1972Pages 152-153 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1972 the American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1972.32.1.-a152PubMed5007010History Published online 1 January 1972 Published in print 1 January 1972 Metrics

BACKGROUNDCystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life threatening autosomal recessive disorder in the white population. Wasting has long been recognised as a poor prognostic marker in CF. Whether it...

Several publications have reported effects of hypobaric conditions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. To the current authors' knowledge, similar studies concerning patients with restrictive lung disease have not been published. The effect of simulated air travel in a hypobaric chamber on arterial blood gases, blood pressure, and cardiac frequency during rest and 20 W exercise, and the response to supplementary oxygen in 17 patients with chronic restrictive ventilatory impairment has been investigated. Resting oxygen tension in arterial blood (Pa,O2) decreased from 10.4+/-1.6 kPa at sea level to 6.5+/-1.1 kPa at 2,438 m simulated altitude, and decreased further during light exercise in all patients (5.1+/-0.9 kPa). Pa,O2 at this altitude correlated positively with sea-level Pa,O2 and transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TL,CO), and negatively with carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood (Pa,CO2). Pa,O2 increased to acceptable levels with an O2 supply of 2 L x min(-1) at rest and 4 L x min(-1) during 20 W exercise. In conclusion, most of the patients with restrictive ventilatory impairment developed hypoxaemia below the recommended levels of in-flight oxygen tension in arterial blood during simulated air travel. Light exercise aggravated the hypoxaemia. Acceptable levels of oxygen tension in arterial blood, with only a minor increase in carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood, were obtained by supplementary oxygen.

Pulmonary function values and growth in Belgian white and blue double-muscled cattle

The coexistence of portopulmonary hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome.

The clinical picture describing oxygen transfer deficits in literature is complicated by inconsistent terminology, and a weak perception of the influence total errors of measured and estimated values have on clinical decision-making. Clinical and analytical terminology: Terms like hypoxia, hypoxaemia and tissue hypoxia in clinical literature are often used synonymously. In present terminology, arterial hypoxia (pO2(a)) is considered to be based on measurements of oxygen tension in arterial blood. On the other hand, arterial hypoxaemia (ctO2(a)) is considered to be based on measurements of both pO2, total haemoglobin (ctHb), saturation (sO2), carboxyhaemoglobin (FCOHb), and methaemoglobin (FMetHb). Arterial hypoxia is simply a low oxygen tension in arterial blood. Arterial hypoxaemia is thus simply a low oxygen concentration in arterial blood. Pulmonary indices: The tension-based indices. At the bedside, assessment of the oxygen uptake in the lungs has been evaluated by calculating indices like pO2(a)/FO2(I),pO2(A-a),pO2(a/A) and the respiratory index (RI = pO2(A-a)/pO2(a)). The different oxygen tension-based indices all require the calculation of the alveolar oxygen tension from the alveolar equation. These calculations involve many assumptions (exact analytical measurements of the respiratory quotient (RQ), FO2(I), etc.) to be fulfilled, and might include clinically unacceptable errors. The concentration-based index (FShunt). Considering a fixed arterio-mixed venous oxygen difference (3-5 mL/dL), this index is by some researchers indicated to be superior to the oxygen tension-based (the correlation coefficient to the true measured shunt being 0.94 for the FShunt compared to 0.72 for the best tension-based (RI = pO2(A-a)/pO2(a))). However, the scatter around the line is considerable and this index seems to fail, as well as the tension-based in the many cases where the assumed difference is not equal to the assumed (3-5 mL/dL). The intrapulmonary shunt: The best available means of outlining the extent to which the pulmonary system contributes to hypoxic hypoxaemia, is to calculate the intrapulmonary shunt. It reflects the degree to which the lung deviates from ideal as an oxygenator of pulmonary blood. Exact calculation of the intrapulmonary shunt requires measurements of oxygen concentration in both arterial and mixed-venous blood samples. Calculation of the intrapulmonary shunt at 100% inspired oxygen represents the term (Qs/Qt). Venous admixture or the physiologic shunt (Qsp/Qt) represents measurements of the intrapulmonary shunt at less than 100% inspired oxygen. Interpretative guidelines for (Qsp/Qt) in critically ill patients having a pulmonary catheter are: A calculated shunt less than 10% is clinically compatible with normal. A shunt of 10-19% seldom would require significant support. A calculated shunt of 20-29% may be life threatening in a patient with limited cardiovascular function. A calculated shunt greater than 30% usually requires significant cardiopulmonary support. The necessity of sampling mixed-venous blood seems to be the most limiting factor for a widespread clinical use of shunt calculations.

Fetal brain PO 2 transient response during hypoxia and hyperoxia

By means of a trachea divider the left and the right lung of the rabbit may be made to breathe gases of different oxygen content. If one lung is given a gas of low and the other one of high oxygen content, the saturation or the oxygen tension of the mixed arterial blood in the carotid artery depends on the mixing ratio of the blood from both lungs.On switching one lung over to a gas of low oxygen content, the initial fall in saturation and in oxygen tension of the mixed arterial blood becomes spontaneously compensated to a major degree in about 8 hours.Evidence is produced that this reaction results from a gradual increase in circulatory resistance of the hypoxic lung caused by a local action of the low oxygen tension. This conclusion is supported by the results of the measurement of the alveolar gas percentages in the rabbit.To exclude an indirect action on the lung circulation caused by the effects of general hypoxæmia the influence of only slightly subnormal alveolar oxygen tensions was studied. Under these conditions the mixed arterial blood remained fully saturated. To this end a polarographic method was devised for measuring the oxygen tension of the blood.Even at an alveolar oxygen percentage of approximately 12 per cent., which might normally be present in subventilated parts of the lungs, a distinct reaction occurs.The increased vascular resistance may be abolished in about 4‐5 hours by restoring the normal alveolar oxygen tension.

'Samples of arterial and capillary blood were obtained simultaneously and the oxygen tension of each was measured. The correlation between arterial blood and capillary blood oxygen tension was' reasonably good except in patients with disturbed' circulation. Because of these discrepancies and the simplicity of arterial blood sampling it is recommended that measurement of arterial blood oxygen tension is the method of choice.

ABSTRACTThe EMO System was used to administer ether/air anaesthesia to dogs undergoing clinical surgical procedures. Anaesthesia with spontaneous breathing gave rise to normal oxygen tensions in arterial blood, a slight acidosis and a decrease in arterial carbon dioxide tension. When used with relaxant drugs and intermittent positive pressure ventilation of the lungs it was found that to maintain normal oxygen tensions in the arterial blood it was necessary to hyperventilate to low arterial carbon dioxide tensions. Ether/air anaesthesia with the EMO System was found to meet modern criteria for acceptability in general practice where the veterinary surgeon may be assisted in the operating theatre by a nurse or may be entirely alone.

Oxygen tension in arterial blood during assisted ventilation in patients with chronic respiratory failure.

A study compared the effects of inhalation of 5 ppm hydrogen sulfide (50% of its occupational exposure limit) on the physiological and hematological responses of healthy men and women during exercise. Subjects were 13 men (mean +/- SD for age, height, and weight = 24.7 +/- 4.6 yr, 173 +/- 6.6 cm, 73.1 +/- 8.1 kg, respectively) and 12 women (mean +/- SD for age, height, and weight = 22.0 +/- 2.1 yr, 165 +/- 8.2 cm, 63.4 +/- 8.6 kg, respectively). Subjects completed two 30-minute exercise tests on a cycle ergometer at 50% of their predetermined maximal aerobic power while breathing medical air or 5 ppm H2S from a specially designed flow system. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between the two exposures for the metabolic (oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio), cardiovascular (heart rate, blood pressure, rate pressure product), arterial blood (oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, pH), and perceptual (rating of perceived exertion) responses in either sex. None of the subjects reported any adverse health effects subsequent to the H2S exposure. These results suggest that healthy men and women can safely perform moderate intensity work in environments contaminated with 5 ppm H2S.

Inhaled glucocorticosteroids may reduce airway mucosal oedema in acute asthma. Inhaled platelet-activating factor (PAF) provokes pulmonary gas exchange disturbances, similar to those shown in severe asthma, which may be due to increased airway plasma leakage. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study investigated the effects of high doses of inhaled fluticasone propionate (FP) in 12 patients with mild asthma before and after PAF inhalation. Patients were studied before and 12 h after inhaling FP (6 mg) or placebo (P), and then at 5, 15 and 45 min after PAF challenge. Compared with vehicle, FP inhaled before PAF improved forced expiratory volume in one second and respiratory system resistance (Rrs), increased peripheral blood neutrophils and reduced eosinophil counts. After PAF, FP enhanced transient neutropenia at 5 min and facilitated the recovery of oxygen tension in arterial blood (FP: 93+/-4 mmHg; P: 83+/-4 mmHg) at 45 min, without influencing the increases in Rrs. In conclusion, the improvement of platelet-activated factor-induced oxygen tension in arterial blood disturbances after fluticasone proprionate suggests that inhaled glucocorticosteroids may possess vasoconstrictor properties in the pulmonary circulation.

The hemodynamic and renal effects of mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were studied with and without continuous dopamine administration in ten patients who had acute pulmonary failure. The application of 20 cm H2O PEEP during mechanical ventilation resulted in improvements in arterial blood oxygen tension, from 63 +/- 6 to 81 +/- 12 torr (mean +/- SE), and intrapulmonary shunt fraction, from 29 +/- 3 to 21 +/- 3 per cent, whereas cardiac output, systemic oxygen transport and renal function were impaired by 20, 19 and 47 per cent, respectively. Dopamine infusion at a rate of 5 +/- 0.05 micrograms/kg/min reversed the deleterious effects of PEEP on cardiovascular and renal function: cardiac output increased from 4.5 +/- 0.3 to 6.0 +/- 0.51, urinary output from 1.0 +/- 0.3 to 1.7 +/- 0.4 ml/min, sodium excretion and creatinine clearance by 50 per cent. Systemic oxygen transport was improved from 680 +/- 44 to 925 +/- ml, arterial oxygen tension from 81 +/- 12 to 102 +/- 14 torr, and total deadspace to tidal volume ratio from 0.49 +/- 0.02 to 0.44 +/- 0.03 with dopamine. The authors conclude that the depression of cardiovascular and renal functions that may occur in patients who need high levels of PEEP for the treatment of acute pulmonary failure can be treated successfully with dopamine infusion. This represents a valuable alternative to expansion of blood volume for the improvement of systemic oxygen transport and arterial blood oxygen tension in critically ill patients.